Obstetric fistula: A challenge to public health

Obstetric fistula (OF) is one of the most important consequences of a prolonged obstructed labor, a big issue for low-income countries (LICs) like India. The objective is to identify and explore the knowledge regarding OF as a public health problem in LICs from peer review literature. The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases were searched to identify the prevalence, risk factors, and management of OF in LICs. Quantitative evidence-based paper reviewed. Twenty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria. The 15 provided population-based OF prevalence data of OF and 12 provided risk factors and social causes of OF rates associated with the birth that caused an OF. OF has one of the big public health problems. There is a lack of scientific research on the prevalence and risk factors of OF in LICs. This review helps to eradicate or alleviate the problem of OF in LICs like India.

Safety of primary intraocular lens insertion in unilateral childhood traumatic cataract.

This study analyzes the results of cataract surgery with primary intraocular lens implantation in unilateral childhood traumatic cataract following penetrating trauma and its long term follow up. It is a hospital based study of 114 children (age 3-10 years) with unilateral traumatic cataract who underwent extracapsular cataract extraction/ lens aspiration with implantation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL). Primary posterior capsulotomy (PPC) was performed in 57 eyes and the rest 57 were without PPC (NPPC). The patients were followed up at regular intervals for a period of 3 years. Postoperative inflammation and pupillary capture were two frequent complications seen during postoperative period. Development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) was 1/57, 4/57 at 8th week and 7/30 and 14/39 at 6 months, in PPC and NPPC group, respectively. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA)>or=6/18 was achieved in 50% of eyes at 8th week post operatively and the same at 3 years with/without membranectomy/capsulotomy was evident in 73.3% of eyes. Meticulous case selection with insertion of "in the bag IOL" and subjecting the traumatized cataractous eyes to primary posterior capsulotomy are factors responsible for optimal outcome in unilateral traumatic cataract in children.

Risk of hepatitis C infection among injection drug users in Mizoram, India.

Background & objectives: Prevalence of injection drug users (IDUs) is high in the northeastern region of India. This coupled with unsafe injecting practices as well as practice of tattooing in remote tribal areas call for baseline data on the prevalence of parentally transmitted viral diseases. In the present study we aimed to measure the risk behaviours and seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies amongst IDUs of Mizoram, a State of the northeast India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2004-2005 amongst IDUs (including female sex workers) who had injected in the past six months and were unaware of their HCV/HIV status. They were recruited from various drop-in centers from Aizawl, Mizoram, and screened for anti-HCV antibodies using 3rd generation HCV EIA and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Results: The prevalence of HCV antibodies was 71.2 per cent among the active IDUs. On univariate analysis increasing duration of injection, syringe sharing and heroin (diacetylmorphine) injectors were at a significantly higher risk of acquiring HCV antibodies (P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, HCV antibody prevalence showed a strong association with the type of drugs injected (P=0.001), frequency of injecting (P=0.013), multiplicity of drugs abused (P=0.004), and needle syringe sharing (P=0.003). Interpretation & conclusions: Unsafe injecting practices were found to be associated with a higher risk of acquiring hepatitis C infection. Our findings showed that syringe and needle exchange programme alone was not sufficient as a preventive strategy for control of hepatitis C infection among IDUs of Aizawl.

Risk of hepatitis C infection among injection drug users in Mizoram, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Prevalence of injection drug users (IDUs) is high in the northeastern region of India. This coupled with unsafe injecting practices as well as practice of tattooing in remote tribal areas call for baseline data on the prevalence of parentally transmitted viral diseases. In the present study we aimed to measure the risk behaviours and seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies amongst IDUs of Mizoram, a State of the northeast India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2004-2005 amongst IDUs (including female sex workers) who had injected in the past six months and were unaware of their HCV/HIV status. They were recruited from various drop-in centers from Aizawl, Mizoram, and screened for anti-HCV antibodies using 3(rd) generation HCV EIA and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). RESULTS: The prevalence of HCV antibodies was 71.2 per cent among the active IDUs. On univariate analysis increasing duration of injection, syringe sharing and heroin (diacetylmorphine) injectors were at a significantly higher risk of acquiring HCV antibodies (P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, HCV antibody prevalence showed a strong association with the type of drugs injected (P=0.001), frequency of injecting (P=0.013), multiplicity of drugs abused (P=0.004), and needle syringe sharing (P=0.003). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Unsafe injecting practices were found to be associated with a higher risk of acquiring hepatitis C infection. Our findings showed that syringe and needle exchange programme alone was not sufficient as a preventive strategy for control of hepatitis C infection among IDUs of Aizawl.

Striving for the perfect surgery in traumatic cataract following penetrating trauma in a tertiary care hospital at eastern Nepal.

This study analyzes the result of traumatic cataract surgery in a tertiary care hospital at eastern Nepal. It is a hospital-based study of 112 patients (age 15-62), who underwent cataract extraction for unilateral traumatic cataracts. The study was carried out to evaluate the surgical outcome of tramatic cataract. Thirty-eight eyes had associated posterior capsular defect. No serious postoperative complications were encountered. Posterior capsular opacification at the end of sixth week was evident only in two eyes. Best corrected visual acuity nof 6/18 or more at the eighth week was achieved in 61 (54%) eyes. Astigmatism of less than 3D was achieved in 82 (73%) eyes. Rational surgical approach in traumatic cataract provides encouraging results. To comment on actual outcome long term follow up is mandatory.

Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy--retrospective interventional case series from a tertiary care center in eastern Nepal.

To report the demography, nature of insult and ocular characteristics in patients presenting with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy and to evaluate the visual outcome with mega dose methylprednisolone therapy. Retrospective hospital data analysis of all patients admitted with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy and treated with mega dose methylprednisolone therapy in the last three years was conducted. Nine patients (M:F= 8:1) were identified with unilateral optic nerve injury. Road traffic injury was the most common cause of injury. Lid ecchymosis and swelling on the same side was the most frequent ocular abnormality noted, followed by loss of consciousness. Time of presentation varied from 3 hours to 11 days. All patients except two had visual acuity of no light perception at presentation. Following therapy there was improvement in visual acuity in two patients who presented within two days of injury. Patients present late with traumatic optic neuropathy in this hospital. Most of the patients are with no light perception. High dose steroids was found to be beneficial only in patients presenting early (<two days).

Prevalence of glaucoma in Sunsari district of eastern Nepal.

AIMS: To determine prevalence of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect in subjects 40 years and above in Sunsari district of eastern Nepal. METHODS: A community based cross sectional study examining 1600 selected subjects was carried out. In all subjects best corrected visual acuity was determined. Oblique torch light test was used for anterior chamber depth evaluation. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements with Perkins tonometer and fundus examination were carried out in the community. Subjects diagnosed as glaucoma suspect were further evaluated in the hospital using slit lamp examination, gonioscopy and Goldmann perimetry. Glaucoma was defined by characteristic disc and visual field changes irrespective of the level of IOP. RESULTS: Of 1600 subjects examined, the prevalence of glaucoma was found to be 0.938%. The prevalences of primary open angle glaucoma, primary angle closure glaucoma, secondary glaucoma and ocular hypertension were 0.562%, 0.125%, 0.250% and 0.500% respectively. Lens induced glaucoma accounted for all the cases of secondary glaucoma. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of glaucoma in the Sunsari District of Nepal is 0.938%, which is lower than that reported in the neighboring regions. Lens induced glaucoma is highly prevalent as a cause of secondary glaucoma.

Plasma and aqueous humur ascorbic acid levels in people with cataract from diverse geographical regions of Nepal.

Ascorbic acid in aqueous humor of the eye has a role as an antioxidant in delaying cataract formation. In a cross-sectional comparative study, ascorbic acid levels from aqueous humor and venous blood obtained from patients with cataracts in mountainous regions (1,300-2,000 meters) and subtropical lowlands (<100 meters) of Nepal were measured spectrophotometrically with the objective of comparing the levels of aqueous humor ascorbic acid in patients with cataracts from these two diverse geographical regions. Of 131 patients included in the study, 59 were from the mountainous region of Nepal (Group A) and 72 were from the subtropical lowlands (Group B). The mean (+/- SD) plasma ascorbic acid level (mg%) of the subjects in Group A was 0.65 (+/- 0.20) and Group B was 0.85 (+/- 0.31). The aqueous ascorbic acid levels ranged from 12-28 mg % (mean +/-SD = 17.5+/-4.52) and 14-50 mg % (mean +/-SD =23.47+/-8.66) in Groups A and B, respectively. The difference of the plasma and aqueous humor ascorbic acid levels between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). The plasma and aqueous humor ascorbic acid levels in the people with cataracts from the mountainous region of Nepal were significantly lower than those from subtropical lowlands. This may be because of the effect of high altitude and ultraviolet rays on ascorbic acid metabolism.

Effectiveness of combination of permanent and releasable scleral flap sutures in trabeculectomy: a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Trabeculectomy is a commonly used surgical treatment for glaucoma. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of combination of permanent and releasable scleral flap sutures to minimize the immediate postoperative complications of trabeculectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out in Department of Ophthalmology, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. Forty one eyes of 34 patients undergoing trabeculectomy were randomized to undergo either conventional trabeculectomy (Group A= 20 eyes) or trabeculectomy with combination of permanent and releasable scleral flap sutures (Group B =21 eyes). The parameters studied were intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and surgical complications over a period of 6 weeks. RESULTS: Significantly higher number of eyes belonging to group A (14 eyes) had shallower anterior chamber than group B (7 eyes) on first post operative day (p=0.042). Six eyes (30%) in group A had peripheral or central irido-corneal touch in early postoperative period as compared to only one in Group B. Hypotony was noted in 3 eyes in each group. Two patients in group A required reformation of anterior chamber. Other surgical complications in the two groups were similar. Both the groups had a significant drop in IOP following surgery. However, there was no significant difference in the IOP between the two groups after 6 weeks (Group A: 10.95 +/- 3.03 mmHg vs. Group B: 12.29 +/- 4.67 mmHg; p=0.87). There was a significant drop in IOP following removal of sutures (15.19 +/- 6.15 mmHg to 13.19 +/- 6.13 mmHg; p=006) in group B. CONCLUSION: Use of combination of permanent and releasable scleral flap sutures is a safe technique that significantly reduces the incidence of immediate postoperative shallow anterior chamber after trabeculectomy.

Pattern of intraocular pressure changes following manual small incision cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To find out the pattern of changes in intraocular pressure after manual small incision cataract surgery. METHODS: Consecutive patients (291 eyes of 291 patients) undergoing manual small incision cataract surgery were prospectively evaluated for change in IOP. Patients were further divided into two groups based on whether or not sutures were used to close the scleral tunnel. IOP was serially measured at day 1, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 12th week. RESULTS: The mean post operative IOP in eyes where sutures were not applied (12.59+/- 3.02 mmHg, 12.59+/-2.34mmHg, 12.54+/-2.19mmHg and 12.40+/-2.99 mm Hg at day1, 2week and 4weeks respectively) was lower than that where sutures were used to close the wound (15.57+/- 3.86mmHg, 14.05+/-2.52mmHg, 14.43+/-3.39mmHg at day1, 2weeks and 4 weeks respectively). There was a drop of IOP from the preoperative IOP in both suture (1.15+/-3.29mm Hg) and non suture (3.29+/-3.07mm Hg) group at 3 months of follow up. CONCLUSION: There is a small drop of IOP following sutureless MSICS during long term follow up. Eyes where sutures are applied are more likely to have higher IOP than those without sutures at the initial post operative period.

Variation of intraocular pressure in patients with leprosy.

INTRODUCTION: There are various controversial reports on intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with leprosy. PURPOSE: The current study was undertaken to study the level of intraocular pressure in leprosy patients and its association with the risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cross sectional comparative study. An ophthalmologist and a dermatologist evaluated consecutive 93 patients with leprosy. The risk factors studied were age, gender, bacillary index, clinical diagnosis, duration of disease and treatment; and ocular complications. The IOP in these patients was compared with healthy age and sex matched controls. RESULTS: A total of 186 leprosy patients (93) and healthy controls (93) were studied. The mean applanation IOP for the right and left eyes in leprosy patients was 12.87 1.20 mm of Hg and 13.222.70 mm of Hg respectively. This was found to be significantly lesser (p<0.001) than in the controls (RE=15.142.58 and LE=15.412.36 mmHg). The untreated leprosy patients had significantly lower IOP than those with treatment (p<0.001). None of the risk factors were found to be independently associated with the decrease in IOP. The duration of treatment, however, showed a trend towards having a significant association (p=0.057) with the lower level of IOP. CONCLUSION: The level of IOP is lower in leprosy patients than in the healthy controls. Age, gender, bacillary index and presence of ocular complications due to leprosy are not independently associated with the decrease in IOP. The untreated leprosy patient tends to have a lower IOP. This finding can be used to monitor effectiveness of treatment of leprosy.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of itopride hydrochloride and domperidone in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: Prokinetic drugs are widely used for treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of a new prokinetic agent, itopride hydrochloride in patients of NUD and compare it with domperidone. METHODS: Fifty-six patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to rule out organic pathology as a cause for their symptoms. The patient's symptoms were graded on a 4-point scale (0 to 3) at the beginning of treatment and at the end of Week-one and Week-two Patients were randomly allocated to receive either one tablet of itopride hydrochloride 50mg three times daily or one tablet of domperidone 10mg three times daily for two weeks. Pre-treatment and post-treatment hemogram, liver function and renal function tests, prolactin level and ECG were done in all patients. The response to therapy was evaluated by assessing the relief of symptoms at the end of two weeks on a 5-point scale. Statistical analysis was done using two-tailed paired t-test; Wilcoxon matched pairs ranks sum test, Mann-Whitney-U test and chi-square test as applicable. RESULTS: Of the fifty-five patients enrolled in the study (age range of 18-60 yrs, median age of 35yrs), 26 were males and twenty nine were females. They had a median duration of symptoms for 4 weeks. Twenty-seven patients received itopride and 28 received domperidone. One patient did not follow up in the domperidone group, thus 54 patients were evaluable for analysis. Moderate to complete symptomatic relief was observed in 22 (81%) patients in the itopride group and 19 patients (70%) in the domperidone group (p > 0.05, NS). Both the drugs were well tolerated and neither caused prolongation of QT interval nor any abnormality in any serum biochemistry values. CONCLUSION: Therapy with itopride resulted in good symptomatic relief, was safe, well tolerated and comparable in efficacy to domperidone in relieving the symptoms of NUD. By virtue of its efficacy and tolerability, it could be an ideal choice for providing symptomatic relief to patients suffering from non-ulcer dyspepsia.

Gastric lipoma presenting with dyspepsia.

Gastric lipoma is one of the rare benign gastric tumors. Its preoperative diagnosis obviates the need of an extended gastrectomy. We report a case of gastric lipoma who presented with symptoms of dyspepsia and was treated by surgical gastrectomy and tumour enucleation.

Efficacy of low dose intradermal hepatitis B vaccine: results of a randomized trial among health care workers.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an occupational health hazard among the healthcare workers. Vaccination against HBV has been established to be the most effective preventive strategy. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of low dose intradermal HBV vaccine among the nursing staff in a tertiary care hospital setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Staff nurses working in our hospital were included in the study as vaccine recipients. Each staff nurse was tested for HBsAg and anti-HBs (commercial ELISA). Those who tested negative for both the above markers were randomized to receive either three doses of intramuscular (i.m.) HBV vaccine (20 micrograms m each dose) at 0, 1 and 6 month interval or three doses of intradermal HBV vaccine (2 micrograms m each dose) at similar intervals. Each vaccine recipient was tested for the presence of anti HBs (commercial ELISA) at the end of 1 month and 1 year after the last dose of the vaccine. The anti-HBs titres were also estimated simultaneously in them. RESULTS: Out of 153 staff nurses screened, 19 were either positive for HBsAg (n = 1) or anti HBs (n = 18). 96(72%) of the remaining 134 nurses agreed to receive HBV vaccine (i.m.--48, intradermal--48). At the end of 1 month after last dose of the vaccine, all vaccinees in both the group tested positive for anti-HBs. However the anti-HBs titres at 1 month were significantly higher among intramuscular vaccinees than the nurses receiving the vaccine through intra-dermal route (253 +/- 127.7 mIU/ml vs 151.3 +/- 92.8 mIU/ml, P < 0.001). Eighty four (85.5%) of these 96 vaccine recipient were available for evaluation of anti-HBs titre at the end of 1 year after the last dose of vaccine (1M group = 40, Intradermal group = 44). All the nurses continued to be positive for anti-HBs at the end of 1 year but the anti HBs-titre among i.m. vaccine recipient continued to remain at a significantly higher level than the similar titre among the intradermal vaccine recipients (256.4 +/- 124.7 mIU/ml vs 121.6 +/- 122.4 mIU/ml p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Intradermal route for HBV vaccine had similar immunogenic efficacy as the conventional intramuscular route, but the dose required in the former route is one tenth of the intramuscular route. Therefore intradermal route may reduce the cost of HBV vaccine markedly.

Chronic liver disease in diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The association of diabetes with liver disease is well known. AIM: To study the spectrum of liver disease in patients of chronic liver disease (CLD) with diabetics and compare it with age and sex matched patients of CLD without diabetes. METHODS: We studied the patients of chronic liver disease presenting over a period of one year and their diagnosis were established by biochemical studies, imaging, endoscopic examination and liver biopsy when required. They were evaluated for the aetiological causes of liver diseases. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients of CLD with diabetes, M:F 43:8, with an age range of 35-70 years, median age of 51 years were taken as study group. Demographic picture of control group was n = 115, with M:F = 100: 15, age range of 37-68 years, with a median age of 52 years. Spectrum of liver disease in diabetic group were as follows: 56.6% cirrhosis, 15.1% chronic hepatitis, 22.6% fatty liver, 5.7% cirrhosis + hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The spectrum in control group was as follows, cirrhosis 46.1%, chronic hepatitis 36.5%, fatty liver 14.8%, cirrhosis and HCC 2.6%. Aetiology of chronic liver disease in diabetic group was as follows: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with cirrhosis 11.3%, NASH 18.9%, cryptogenic cirrhosis 22.6%, hepatitis B virus (HBV) 17%, hepatitis C virus (HCV) 13.2%, alcohol 17%. Aetiology of chronic liver disease in nondiabetic group was as follows: NASH with cirrhosis 1.7%, NASH 13.0%, cryptogenic cirrhosis 7.8%, HBV 30.43%, HCV 13%, alcohol 29.6% and autoimmune in 4.3%. Incidence of NASH with cirrhosis and cryptogenic cirrhosis were found to be statistically significantly high in diabetic group. Incidence of diabetes in cryptogenic cirrhosis was found to be 57% versus 30% in noncryptogenic cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: NASH, NASH with cirrhosis and cryptogenic cirrhosis are the major causes of chronic liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Alcohol and viral causes are found to be important aetiologies in nondiabetic control group. Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for chronic liver disease and progression of NASH to cirrhosis, which may present as cryptogenic cirrhosis.

HCV activity in an isolated community in north east India.

Prevalence of anti-HCV among the people at risk and general population were reported across the globe. We investigated HCV activity among the members of "Lisu" community settled in a remote and isolated area of Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh during 1999-2000. The families were scattered with 380 households. Blood samples were collected from 76 (35 males and 45 females) apparently healthy individuals from randomly selected 10% families. Sera were processed for detection for antibody to HCV by using 3rd generation ELISA kit. All the persons were within the age of 18-98 years and 75% of them were uneducated and 92% were cultivators. The prevalence of anti-HCV was found to be very high (7.89%). Since the HCV activity is high in an isolated community, transmission dynamics study will be interesting for this epidemiologically important viral disease.