Influence of microbial flora on metabolism and inflammation in human beings / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Almost all multicellular organisms have a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes in nature.In humans,the interaction between host and microbial flora is particularly important in the gastrointestinal tract.Technical and conceptual advances have enabled us to establish its role in human health and disease.Studies have shown that disorder of gut microbiota may participate in the development of metabolic diseases,such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.This review opens up new ideas to find strategies for modifying gut microbiota to impact on the occurrence of metabolic diseases.

Correlation between adipocytokines levels and metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the correlation between adipocytokines levels and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-eight patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, including 51 cases with MS and 17 without MS, were examined for blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin resistance index (IRI), waist to hip ratio (W/H), body mass index (BMI), and serum adipocytokine levels (IL-6, vaspin, and adiponectin).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The diabetic patients with MS had higher BMI, HbA1c, FBG, FINS, IRI, TG, TC, and SBP than those without MS. Serum IL-6 level was higher but adiponectin level was lower in patients with MS than in those without MS. There was no significant difference in vaspin level between the two groups. Adiponectin level was positively correlated with TG (r=-0.30, P=0.02) and inversely with BMI (r=-0.47, P=0.39) and HOMA-IR (r=-0.30, P=0.03); vaspin level was positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r=0.347, P=0.02) and inversely with HDL-L (r=-0.45, P=0.01); IL-6 level was positively correlated with LDL-L (r=0.18, P=0.25) and inversely with HDL-L (r=-0.45, P=0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Adiponectin and IL-6 levels are closely related to MS, but the relationship between vaspin and MS needs further investigation.</p>

Effects of cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets on halitosis induced by oral conditions / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets on halitosis induced by oral conditions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum as the testing bacteria, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets was determined using minute amount serial dilution test. The production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) was measured using sulfide detector halimeter in the anaerobic bacteria culture at 4 and 8 h after addition of the tablets. The effect of the tablets in suppressing odor production by mouth-borne halitosis bacteria was assessed using cysteine challenge test in healthy volunteers, and the effectiveness was evaluated by measuring the reduction in VSCs production and the duration of the effect.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets inhibited the growth of all the 3 bacteria. The tablets obviously inhibited VSCs production by the 3 bacteria with a effect similar to chlorhexidine. Compared with distilled water gargle, the buccal tablets significantly reduced cysteine-induced VSCs production level in the healthy volunteers (P<0.05), and the effect lasted for 230 min.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cetylpyridinium chloride tablets can obviously suppress bacteria responsible for oral halitosis and produce good effects in the treatment of halitosis induced by oral conditions.</p>

The Influences of Pre-injection of Donor Apoptotic Cells on Survival of Islet Grafts and Function of T Lymphocytes / 天津医药

Objective To study the influence of pre-injection of donor apoptotic cells in the survival of islet grafts and the function of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Methods The donor apoptotic cells and necrotic cells were ob-tained respectively by X-irradiation from electron linear accelerator and a heat-shock procedure (water bath box 56℃, 1 h). The diabetic rats for islet transplantation (n=42) were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), then were randomly divided into four groups:rats were injected by physiological saline group (n=9), normal cells group (n=12), apoptotic donor cell group (n=12) and necrotic donor cell group (n=9). On the seventh day, each group received islet transplantation under the renal capsule. The blood glucose level was detected to reflect the survival of the islets. The periph-eral blood samples of three rats in each group were obtained at different observation times. The proliferative activity of T lym-phocytes was determined by MTT method. The levels of cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10 in peripheral blood were measured by Luminex 100 Integrated System, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 by ELISA respectively at 0 d, 1 week, 2 weeks and after rejection. Results The survival time of islets was significantly prolonged by the pre-intervention of apoptotic cells, and the proliferative activity of T lymphocytes stimulated by ConA was inhibited. Meanwhile, the extent of the increased level of IFN-γwas inhibited significantly at 1 week and 2 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05), the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were significantly increased before transplantation, 1 week and 2 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05). Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the pre-treatment of donor apoptotic cells can regulate the recipient’s immune reactive state by inhibiting the proliferative activity of T lymphocytes and changing the levels of cytokines from different sub-sets of T lymphocytes, and finally resulted in the prolonging of the survival of islet grafts.

Effect of activating Toll-like receptor 4 on renin-angiotensin system in 3T3-L1 adipose cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in the activation of rennin- angiotensin system (RAS) in adipose cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>3T3-L1 cells induced with isobutylmethylxanthine, insulin and dexamethasone to differentiate into adipocytes were stimulated by LPS with or without irbesartan pretreatment. The expression levels of TLR4, angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ATlR) mRNA in 3T3-L1 cells was determined by RT-PCR, and their protein expressions were detected with Western-blotting. Immunofluorescence double staining was used to observe the translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in the cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Stimulation with LPS dose- and time-dependently increased the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, AGT and AT1R. LPS exposure resulted in enhanced translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in the adipose cells, which was attenuated by irbesartan pretreatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Activation of TLR4 signaling pathway may trigger the activation of local RAS in adipose cells.</p>

RGD peptide-modified chitosan as a gene carrier of implant surface / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study is conducted to explore new methods to perform surface biomodification of titanium implants and improve osteogenic efficiency.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An RGD peptide and chitosan (CS) were combined by acylation reaction, forming RGD-CS. An RGD-CS/pDNA complex was subsequently prepared using a complex coacervation method and grafted on a pure titanium surface after physical and biochemical treatments were performed. The chemical structural characteristics of RGD-CS were evaluated using an infrared spectrometer and an elemental analyzer. The shape of this complex was then assessed by gel electrophoresis combined with atomic force microscopy. The grafting effect of this complex on the titanium surface was detected by EB staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CS and RGD peptides were coupled by an amide bond. The RGD-CS/pDNA complex was completely composited at N/P > or = 2. Atomic force microscopy results showed that the morphology of this complex was mainly spherical. EB staining experiments showed that this complex was successfully grafted on the titanium plate.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RGD peptide-modified CS can be used as a titanium implant surface plasmid package carrier of pDNA.</p>

Estimated glomerular filtration rate and associated risk factors in overweight or obese patients with type 2diabetes and normal urine microalbumin level / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

From August 2011 to March 2012,5 241 type 2 diabetic patients with body mass index ≥ 24kg/m2 were enrolled from 60 hospitals in Guangdong Province.According to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR),a total of 2 631 subjects with norml urine microalbumin level (＜30 ng/L) were divided into normal eGRF group and decreased eGRF group.Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between eGFR and its related risk factors.The results showed that age,blood uric acid,blood urea nitrogen,history of hypertension and coronary heart disease,family history of diabetes,and hyperuricemia were positively related to lowering of eGFR (P＜ 0.05 or P＜0.01).HbA1C＜7％,regular glucose monitoring,and regular physical activity were negatively related to eGFR decrease (all P＜ 0.01).These results suggest that urine microalbumin and eGFR should be applied to overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes in order to screen diabetic nephropathy.Furthermore,intensive control of blood glucose,uric acid,and blood pressure is beneficial to lowering the risk of diabetic nephropathy.

Protective effects of pravastatin against P38MAPK signaling pathway-mediated inflammatory toxicity in islet micro-endothelial cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the signaling pathways associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in islet micro-endothelial cells (IMECs) and the mechanism of pravastatin intervention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>IMECs exposed to LPS, SB203580, pravastatin, or SB203580+pravastatin were examined for cell apoptosis with Hoechst staining and flow cytometry and for expression levels of total-p38, photophosphorylation-p38 (p-p38) and iNOS with Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The apoptosis rate and expression levels of total-p38, p-p38, iNOS in IMECs all increased after LPS exposure. Pravastatin, SB203580, and their combination significantly attenuated LPS-induced enhancement of cell apoptosis and total-p38, p-p38, and iNOS expressions in IMECs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>LPS-induced inflammatory toxicity in IMECs is associated with the activation of P38MAPK and iNOS/NO signaling pathways. Pravastatin can inhibit these pathways and suppress the apoptosis and necrosis of IMECs to relieve the cell inflammatory injuries.</p>

Effect of pretreatment with apoptotic donor spleen cells on spleen lymphocyte function of recipient rats after islet transplantation / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of pretreatment with apoptotic donor spleen cells on spleen lymphocyte function of recipient rats undergoing islet transplantation to explore new approaches to prolong islet graft survival.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Apoptotic spleen cells from donor rats were obtained by exposure to γ-ray irradiation from (60)Co. Diabetic SD rat models were randomly divided into 4 groups to receive tail vein injections with saline (group A), normal cells (group B), apoptotic donor cells (group C), or necrotic donor cells (group D). One week later, orthotopic transplantation of islets under the renal capsule was performed. Before and at 1 and 2 weeks after islet transplantation, the recipient rats were examined for proliferative activity of spleen lymphocytes with CFSE cell staining and for IL-2 and IL-10 expressions in the cells using ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pretreatment with donor apoptotic cells significantly suppressed the proliferative activity of recipient spleen lymphocytes before and at 1 and 2 weeks after islet transplantation as compared with the other three groups (P<0.05). The level of IL-2 was significantly decreased while IL-10 increased in apoptotic donor cell pretreatment group compared with those in the other 3 groups at each time point of observation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The effect of pretreatment with apoptotic donor cells on recipient spleen lymphocytes suggest an important role of apoptotic donor spleen cells in immune tolerance of grafts.</p>

Advanced oxidation protein products inhibit proliferation and differentiation of rat osteoblasts through oxidative stress / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) on proliferation, differentiation, and oxidative stress in rat osteoblasts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts isolated from neonatal SD rat skull were evaluated following treatment with different concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/ml) of AOPP using CCK-8 kit and ALP assay kit, respectively. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the treated cells were analyzed using 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, and the transcription levels of ALP, collagen I and RAGE were assessed using real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, AOPP-treated osteoblasts showed obviously inhibited proliferation and differentiation with down-regulated expressions of ALP and collagen I and increased ROS production and RAGE expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AOPP can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of rat osteoblasts partially by up-regulating RAGE and inducing ROS production.</p>

Role of TRB3 in the inhibitory effect of fenofibrate against high glucose-induced proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of TRB3 in the inhibitory effect of fenofibrate against the proliferation of glomerular mesangial cell induced by high glucose.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) were cultured in the presence of 5.5 mmol/L glucose (normal control), 25 mmol/L glucose (high glucose group), or high glucose along with 10, 50, or 100 µmol/L fenofibrate. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation, and Hoechst 33258 staining was employed to determine chromatin distribution in the MCs. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle changes in different groups. The expressions of TRB3 and P-AKT in different groups were detected using immunocytochemistry and Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>High glucose induced obvious proliferation of the MCs (P<0.001), which was significantly inhibited by fenofibrate in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.001). The MCs exposed to fenofibrate presented with typical apoptotic morphologies and cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase. Low levels of TRB3 expression was detected in the normal control and high glucose groups, whereas in the 3 fenofibrate groups, TRB3 expression increased and P-AKT expression decreased as fenofibrate concentration increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Fenofibrate can promote TRB3 expression in rat MCs. TRB3 causes cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation to result in suppressed proliferation of the MCs.</p>

Generation and identification of pluripotent stem cells from NOD mouse / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Three factors ( Oct4,Sox2,and Klf4) were introduced into tail tip-derived fibroblasts of NOD mouse by retrovirus infection.The induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) generated from this method were analyzed in several aspects,including surface antigens,gene expression,alkaline phosphatase activity,and teratoma formation assays.The NOD mouse iPSCs generated from this study had ES-like characters,expressed ES-specific surface antigens,and possessed the ability to differentiate into 3-germ layers.Such NOD mouse-iPSCs should be useful in tyre 1 dialectic disease modeling,as well as for cell replacement therapy.

Differences in fecal Bifidobacterium species between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the changes in fecal Bifidobacterium species in patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison with healthy individuals.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The bacterial DNA were extracted from the fecal samples from 50 type 2 diabetic patients and 30 healthy individuals. Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to determine the copy numbers of the bacteria in the fecal samples using 16S rRNA-targeted genus- and species-specific PCR primers for a selected group of fecal Bifidobacterium species including total Bifidobacterium, B.longum, B.breve, B.adolescent, and B. infantis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The diabetic group had significantly lower copy numbers of total Bifidobacterium and B.adolescent compared to the healthy individuals (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Type 2 diabetic patients have a lowered number of Bifidobacterium species in the gut microflora.</p>

Insulinotropic action of hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide mediated by activated type 3 muscarinic receptor in INS-1 cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>[corrected] To characterize the insulinotropic action of hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP) and analyze the role of type 3 muscarinic receptor (M(3)R) pathway in the action of HCNP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>INS-1 cells were incubated in routine RPMI 1640 medium (control group), RPMI 1640 supplemented with 50 pg/ml synthetic HCNP (HCNP group), or HCNP-containing medium with the addition of PMA 18 h prior to insulin release assay. The insulin levels in the medium was measured using radioimmunoassay following stimulation with different concentrations of glucose. Real-time quantitative PCR was used for detecting the gene expression of HCNP-pp, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and M(3)R in HCNP group and control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After stimulation with different concentrations of glucose (5.6 and 16.7 mmol/L), HCNP group showed significantly higher insulin levels than the control and HCNP+ PMA groups. Compared with those in the control group, the mRNA levels of HCNP-pp, ChAT, and M(3)R were all lowered in HCNP group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HCNP can promote insulin release in INS-1 cells by increasing ChAT activity and activating M(3)R, and this effect is inhibited by PMA.</p>

Effect of liraglutide on interleukin-1β expression in the pancreatic islets of OLETF rats / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of liraglutide on the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and apoptotic factor caspase-3 expression in the pancreatic islets of OLETF rats with impaired glucose tolerance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve-week-old OLETF rats were randomized into 4 groups and received intraperitoneal injections of saline or liraglutide at 50, 100, or 200 µg/kg twice daily for 12 weeks. Eight LETO rats served as the normal control group and received saline injection. After the treatments, the rats were examined for fasting and 30 min plasma insulin during OGTT test, and the expression levels of IL-1β and caspase-3 mRNA and protein in the pancreatic islets were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the saline group, liraglutide significantly decreased the expressions of IL-1β and caspase-3 mRNA and protein, and significantly improved the blood glucose, islet β function and early-phase insulin secretion index in OLETF rats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Liraglutide can improve islet function and glucose metabolism partially by inhibiting islet IL-1β expression to delay or prevent the development of diabetes in OLETF rats.</p>

Effect of intermittent high glucose on INS-1 cell proliferation and the expression of skp2-p27 / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of intermittent high glucose on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression of INS-1 cells, and the possible intracellular pathways activated by intermittent high glucose. Methods Cell viability was evaluated by cell counting kit, the cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry,Annexin-V/PI double-labeled cell apoptosis detection kit was used to monitor cell apoptosis. Cell cycle related protein Skp2 and p27 expressions were detected by Western blot. Results ( 1 ) Both intermittent and constant high glucose significantly inhibited the growth of INS-1 cells, and the former effect was more significant. ( 2 ) Intermittent and constant high glucose levels significantly increased apoptosis in INS-1 cells, and the former effect was more significant. (3) Intermittent and constant high glucose levels significantly inhibited the cell process, the G0/G1 cell cycle arrest also was induced by intermittent high glucose, resulting in lowered proportion of the G2/M phase and S phase of INS-1 cells. (4) Intermittent and constant high glucose significantly decreased the level of protein Skp2 and increased the level of cell cycle related protein p27. Conclusion Intermittent high glucose levels affect INS-1 cell growth and proliferation, as well as induce cell apoptosis, probably by decreasing the level of protein Skp2 and increasing the level of p27 in the cells, resulting in arrest of progression through the G1 phase to the S phase of INS1 cells, and thus impairment of cell proliferation.

Relationship between HbA1C and microvascular complications in high-risk populations of diabetes / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To explore the association of HbA1C with microvascular complications,and to evaluate the diagnostic value of HbA1C in diabetes mellitus in high-risk populations of Guangzhou.Methods HbA1C,blood glucose,fundus photography,and microalbuminuria were detected in 208 permanent residents with high-risk factors of diabetes.The receiver operating characteristiC(ROC)curves were used to estimate the area of HbA1C,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),postprandial 2 h plasma glucose(2hPG)under the curve for discriminating microvascular complications.Results There were 14.9% adults suffering from diabetic retinopathy and 12% microalbuminuria in high risk populations of diabetes.The optimal cutoff points of HbA1C,FPG,and 2hPG in detecting retinopathy were 5.8%,7.0 mmol/L,and 10.9 mmol/L respectively.The thresholds for increasing prevalence of microalbuminuria were5.8% for HbA1C,6.4 mmol/L for FPG,and 10.7 mmol/L for 2hPG.Conclusions The prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications increases dramatically at the concentration of HbA1C 5.8%.As a diagnostic value for microvascular complications,there is no significant difference between HbA1C and 2hPG.

Mechanism of Tubular Epithelial Hypertrophy Induced by High Glucose / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

[Objective]To study the mechanism of tubular epithelial hypertrophy induced by high glucose.[Methods]Human tubular epithelium line HK-2 cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 1 g/L glucose(normal control group),4.5 g/L glacose(high slucose group),and 1 g/L glucose+3.5 g/L mannitol(iso-osmia control group),respectively.The cells of every group after cultured for 24 h,48 h.and 96 h were collected.The mRNA levels of CTGF and p27~(kip) were detected by real-time PCR.The protein levels of CTGF and p27~(kip) were detected by Western blot.The cellular proliferative activities were observed by MTT.The total cellular protein contents were detected by Bradford method.The cell cycle process was analyzed by flow cytometry.The cells of every group after being cultured for 30 win,1 h,24 h,and 48 h were collected.The levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were detected by Western blot.Every step was repeated for 3 times.[Results]High slucose could significantly up-regulate the mRNA and protein levels of CTGF and p27~(kip),activate ERK1/2 signal conductive pathway in HK-2 cells,make more cells arrest in G1 phase,decrease cellular proliferative activities,increase total cellular protein content reflecting cellular hypertrophy.[Conclusion]CTGF is an important mediator of tubular epithelial hypertrophy induced by high slucose.The mechanism is that CTGF up-regulates the p27~(kip) expression through activating ERK1/2 pathway.Up-regulated p27~(kip) lead proliferative cell to be arrested in G1 phase and cause cellular hypertrophy.

Effect of angiotensin II on insulin secretion function of RIN-m cell and its mechanism / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of angiotenisn ⅡI (Ang Ⅱ) on RIN-m β-cell,and to explore the mechanism of β-cell function impairment caused by Ang Ⅱ.Methods RIN-m cells were cultured with various concentrations of AngⅡ (0.1,1,10,100 nmol/L).After incubation for 24 hours,the basal(3.3 mmol/L) and glucose-stimulated(16.7 mmol/L) insulin secretion(GSIS)were detected by radioimmunoassay,mRNA and protein expressions of uncoupling protein 2(UCP2)were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot,respectively.The intracellular ATP content was measured by luciferase bioluminescence.The mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular Ca~(2+) concentration were detected by flow cytometry.Results (1) Various concentrations of Ang Ⅱ had no significant influence on the basal insulin secrection of RIN-m cell(F=0.644,P = 0.634).Except for 0.1 nmol/L AngⅡ,the other concentrations of Ang Ⅱ markedly reduced GSIS of RIN-m cells(F= 118.528,P = 0.000).(2) Compared with the control group,Ang Ⅱ significantly increased mRNA and protein expression of UCP2(F= 1 370,P = 0.000;F=675.175,P = 0.000).(3)Except for 0.1 nmol/L Ang Ⅱ,the other concentrations of Ang Ⅱ significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential,cellular ATP content,and cellular Ca2+ concentration of RIN-m cell(F=4.035,P=0.008;F=3.353,P = 0.013;F=5.867,P = 0.001).Conclusion Ang Ⅱ impairs GSIS of p-cell,the mechanism of impairment may be interpreted that Ang Ⅱ can increase the expression of UCP2,furthermore,it can reduce mitochondrial membrane potential,decrease the content of cellular ATP and the concentration of cellular Ca~(2+),can finally impair the function of β-cell.

A survey of glucose and lipid metabolism and concomitant diseases among inpatients in Guangdong province / 中华内科杂志

Objectives To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of dyslipidemia as well as its treatment and influence on accompanying diseases in impaired glucose status among inpatients. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the inpatients registered in ten university hospitals of Guangdong, China during the week before the Diabetes Day in 2004. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profiles, BMI, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and concomitant disorders of the first screen during the hospitalization period were recorded. Those who had FBG level from 5.6 to 6. 9 mmol/L and not been previously diagnosed diabetes (PDM) underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTF). Results Of the 8753 inpatients investigated, 1067 eases had complete medical records(CMR case) including PDM cases and previously non-diagnosed diabetes ones with FBG ≥ 5. 6 mmol/L. Of the previously non-diagnosed diabetes cases with FBG levels from 5.6 to 6.9 mmmol/L, 65.8% accepted OGTT. Of the CMR cases, 41.9% had PDM, 21.7% was newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDM), 29. 1% had impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and only 7.3% had normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The TG levels in NDM and PDM group were higher than those in IGR and NGT group (P < 0.05, respectively). The HDL-C levels in IGR, NDM and PDM group were lower than those in NGT group (P < 0.05, respectively). Sixty-nine point six percent of the diabetes mellitus (DM) inpatients was accompanied with dyslipidemia and the rate was higher than those in NGT (56.4%) and IGR inpatients (52.5%, P <0.05, respectively). Only 22. 8% of the PDM inpatients underwent treatment of dyslipidaemia and just 3.4% achieved the target suggested by the guideline of ATP-Ⅲ. BMI was higher and waistline longer in the PDM and NDM inpatients than those in the NGT cases (P <0.05, respectively). Seventy-two point eight percent of the PDM inpatients was complicated with more than one type of vascular diseases. Nine point seven percent and 0. 2% of the NDM inpatients were tormented by diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy respectively. Conclusions More inpatients with accompany DM or IGR had concomitant dyslipidemia than those with NGT, which included hypertriglyccridemia, hypo-high-density lipoproteinemia and metabolic syndrome. Concomitant vascular diseases were more frequently found in PDM inpatients than in the others. Some of the NDM and IGT inpatients were complicated with microvascular diseases.