RESUMO
Introduction: Mental foramen is defined as the funnel-like opening in the lateral surface of the mandible at theterminus of the mental canal. The mental foramen is the termination of the mandibular canal in the mandible,transmits the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels. Accurate position of the mental foramen would help surgeonsin achieving successful anaesthesia to the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve. The aim of the studywas to evaluate the most common radiographic position of mental foramen in costal population of AndhraPradesh.Materials and methods: A total of 250digital panoramic radiographs were collected between age of 16 and60yrs, which fulfil the inclusion criteria.Results: We observed that, in 40.4% of individuals mental foramen was in line with second premolar (position 4)followed by 27.8% between the first and second premolars (position 3), least common is position 1 in 4% of thepopulation. We also observed the mental foramen position to vary with gender and on right and left sides.Conclusion: The most common position of mental foramen is position 4. Gender and right and left side variationswere also observed in our study. surgeons should carefully identity mental foramen position in achievingsuccessful anaesthesia to the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nervebefore going for the surgery of thelower jaw and floor of the mouth
RESUMO
Introduction: Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) and Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) are long flexors of the toes, oftenwith the interconnecting tendinous slips at various points. These interconnecting slips hold great significance inreconstruction surgeries of ankle and foot such as chronic Achilles tendon rupture, posterior tibial tendondysfunction (PTTD) and peroneal tendon rupture. In view of the above this study was aimed to find out varioustypes of connections between tendons of FHL & FDL.Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy ACSR GovernmentMedical College, Nellore, conducted in a total of 34 lower limbs. Flexor digitorum brevis and abductor hallucismuscles were reflected distally after the removal of the skin, superficial fascia and plantar aponeurosis toexpose FHL and FDL tendons which were examined for the interconnections. Specimens with interconnectionswere photographed and documented.Result: Out of 34 samples, 17 were right sided and 17 were of left sided. Mean foot length was 22.4 ± 1.9 cm. Threetypes of connections i.e. type 1, 4 & 5 were documented at 17 (50%), 16 (47.1%) and 1 (2.9%) type 5 respectively.Type 1 tendinous connections were further classified into 3 sub types i.e. type 1A were 10 (58.8%), type 1B were5(29.4%) and type C were of 2(11.8%).Conclusion: This study finds maximum distribution of type1 interconnections followed by type 4 and sub type 1Aamong type 1. This study also reports for the first time a common origin of 1st lumbrical from distal part oftendinous slip as well as from 1st digital slip of FDL. These interconnections provide stable base and enhancedpropulsion by toes and also act as natural tenodesis