RESUMO
Background: The salivary glands, mainly parotids are the site of origin of a wide variety of neoplasms. At the same time, they are relatively uncommon and show racial and geographical variations. Majority (80%) are benign tumors, only about 20% are malignant. Histopathology of parotid neoplasms is most complex and diverse of any organ in the body. Also histopathology plays a major role in the diagnosis of these neoplasms with very few contribution using special stains, immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic studies. Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the relative incidence, clinical presentation and spectrum of neoplasms in the parotid glands with their micromorphology at Gandhi hospital, Secunderabad, which is a tertiary referral hospital in Telangana state. Material and methods: A retrospective and prospective study of all parotid gland tumors received in the department of pathology for histopathological examination at Gandhi hospital, Secunderabad during a period of 5 years, from January 2013 to January 2018 was done. The clinical data like age, sex, duration were recorded. Grossly representative bits from the tumors were processed, sections made, stained with routine Hematoxylin and Eosin and examined under microscope. Data of 48 cases recorded during the 5 years period was analyzed. Results: 48 cases were studied during the 5-year period. Of them 39 cases were benign neoplasms and 8 cases were malignant. Benign tumors were more common in the parotid gland compared to malignant tumors, the most common benign tumor being Pleomorphic adenoma. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor. Most of the benign tumors occurred in the 3rd and 4 th decade while the malignant tumors were more common in the 6th decade. B. Vijayanirmala, T. Sundari Devi, Shahistha, P.V. Ramana. A 5 years study of parotid gland tumors in a tertiary hospital. IAIM, 2018; 5(11): 8-13. Page 9 Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor and Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor.
RESUMO
Background: Vaginal cytology is an efficient inexpensive and a rapid method for identifying diseases including establishing the hormonal condition of the patient. The Evaluation of the endocrinologic status of the female patient by means of the study of vaginal cells is actually one of the earliest diagnostic applications of clinical cytology. Though the vaginal cytologic characteristics of gynecologic patients have been studied throughout the world this subjected has received little attention. Vaginal cytology is useful for assessing ovarian function from puberty throughout the reproductive years, menopause and senium. Also it is used to estimate time of ovulation, to determine ovarian dysfunction, to assess placental function or dysfunction in obstetrics, to assist in selecting hormonal therapy and to follow hormonal treatment results. Aim and objectives: To ascertain the effective utilization of cost effective test of vaginal hormonal cytology as a supplement for costly biochemical hormonal estimation. A prospective study was undertaken with the following objectives: To study the normal hormonal patterns in females of different age groups and to study abnormal hormonal patterns in high risk pregnancies and in different clinical situations. Materials and methods: A prospective, hospital based study was done on vaginal smears obtained from One hundred and Sixty (160) patients, attending Gynecology and Obstetrics Out-patient department and few In-patients at Gandhi hospital, Secunderabad during the period of August 2004 to October 2006. The study group included randomly selected female patients of reproductive age groups (18 years to 35 years.);.with normal menstrual cycles; normal perimenopausal (36 years to 45 years.) and postmenopausal (above 45 years.) women, pregnant patients in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimesters T. Sundari Devi, Rajyalakshmi, S. Srujana, K.R.K. Prasad, O. Shravan Kumar. A 3 years study of vaginal hormonal cytology at tertiary hospital. IAIM, 2017; 4(8): 20-32. Page 21 and 1st stage of labour as well as post partum patients. The study group also included patients with primary infertility, menorrhagia, secondary oligomenorrhoea (scanty menstruation), threatened abortions, inevitable abortions, pre mature rupture of membranes, post maturity and patients with neoplastic lesion i.e. ovarian tumor. The material collected for the vaginal smear dried very rapidly during collection. Hence fixation was done within 30 sec. of spreading. The fixatives used were – 95% Ethanol or 80% Isopropyl Alcohol. Other fixatives used were ether / 95% alcohols; 100% methanol; Rapid fixative as cytospray; 2 to 10% carbowax in 95% ethanol (for mailing unstained smears). The stains used were Papanicolaou’s stain and Giemsa stain. Results: Vaginal hormonal cytology is a useful diagnostic aid in the female reproductive process. It may also provide a key to more effective conception control, as well as improvement in the treatment of menstrual disorders, anovulation, and other underlying disorders. In the present Indian scenario with lack of adequate clinical history available to the pathologist, in a rural setup as well the urban conditions; vaginal hormonal study is still a low cost diagnostic and prognostic test procedure. Hence the present study emphasizes the utility of vaginal smear study even today compared to the costly biochemical parameters available in the market which is a financial burden to poor patients. Conclusion: Vaginal smear collected between 4-11 days and 12-16 days of the normal menstrual cycle showed scattered intermediate and superficial cells. Vaginal smears collected between 17-28 days of normal menstrual cycle showed, predominately intermediate cells with folding and crowding. The KPI peak is between 12-16 days. This is extreme midzone shift, with clusters of navicular cells in all the three trimesters, of pregnancy. First stage of labour could be suspected with identification of increase in the number of superficial cells, with marked decrease in the intermediate cell values.