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SUMMARY: To establish an unprovable diagnostic indicative index reference for ultrasound examination of the fetal cerebral ventricles, based on the morphological characteristics throughout fetal nervous system development. Key ultrasonic morphological indicators of fetal ventricular development, which includes frontal horn width (FHW), occipital horn width (OHW), width of 3rd ventricle, cavity of septum pellucidum (CSP), width and length of 4th ventricle and thalamo-occipital distance (TOD) had been measured and analyzed collectively. All data of the indicators was collected on singleton pregnant woman between 16-39 weeks of gestational age (GA), between November 2017 and June 2021 at the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University. A total of 235 pregnant women were enrolled in the cross section study; another 36 pregnant women voluntarily joined a timeline-tracking follow-up study (cohort study) under the same examining criteria. A decrease of FHW and OHW of the lateral ventricles was observed as GA increased; while dimensional values of TOD, 3rd ventricle, CSP, as well as 4th ventricle increased with GA. Most of these indicators showed an enhanced variation tendency within a certain period of GA. Moreover, values of FHW and TOD showed asymmetry of the two hemispheres within the whole GA. Our findings revealed the morphological regularity of fetal ventricular development, which would instructively enhance the relative clinical ultrasound diagnosis; moreover, TOD also showed regularly changes as GA increased, suggesting that TOD should be considered as an additional routine ultrasonic indicator for fetal ventricular development.
RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue establecer un índice de referencia indicativo diagnóstico no demostrable para el examen ecográfico de los ventrículos cerebrales fetales, basado en las características morfológicas a lo largo del desarrollo del sistema nervioso fetal. Indicadores morfológicos ultrasónicos clave del desarrollo ventricular fetal, que incluyen el ancho del cuerno frontal (FHW), el ancho del cuerno occipital (OHW), el ancho del tercer ventrículo, la cavidad del septo pelúcido (CSP), el ancho y el largo del cuarto ventrículo y la distancia tálamo-occipital (TOD) fueron medidos y analizados conjuntamente. Todos los datos de los indicadores se recopilaron en mujeres embarazadas de un solo feto entre 16 y 39 semanas de edad gestacional (EG), entre noviembre de 2017 y junio de 2021 en el Segundo Hospital de la Universidad Médica de Dalian. Un total de 235 mujeres embarazadas se inscribieron en el estudio transversal; otras 36 mujeres embarazadas se unieron voluntariamente a un estudio de seguimiento de línea de tiempo (estudio de cohorte) bajo los mismos criterios de examen. Se observó una disminución de FHW y OHW de los ventrículos laterales a medida que aumentaba la GA; mientras que los valores dimensionales de TOD, tercer ventrículo, CSP y cuarto ventrículo aumentaron con GA. La mayoría de estos indicadores mostraron una tendencia de variación mejorada dentro de un cierto período de GA. Además, los valores de FHW y TOD mostraron asimetría de los dos hemisferios dentro de toda la AG. Nuestros hallazgos revelaron la regularidad morfológica del desarrollo ventricular fetal, lo que mejoraría de manera instructiva el diagnóstico clínico de ultrasonido relativo; además, TOD también mostró cambios regulares a medida que aumentaba la GA, lo que sugiere que TOD debe considerarse como un indicador ultrasónico de rutina adicional para el desarrollo ventricular fetal.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Ventrículos Cerebrais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ventrículos Cerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Pré-NatalRESUMO
Objective To explore the protective effect of gallic acid in Phyllanthus emblica on high glucose－induced apoptosis of pancreatic islet β cells, and to provide a reference for the discovery of natural compounds for the treatment of diabetes. Methods In vivo experimental model, wistar male rats were used as in vivo subjects and 50 mg/kg STZ was injected intraperitoneally. After the model was successfully established, 25 mg/kg of gallic acid was given orally, and the positive drug was Sitagliptin. After 4 weeks of administration, the blood was taken and the pancreas was removed for HE staining. Western blot was used to measure the expression of NLRP3 and TXNIP in pancreatic tissue in high sugar state. In vitro model, insulinoma cell line INS－1 cells were used as in vitro targets to establish high levels. In sugar－induced apoptosis model, INS－1 cells were cultured in glucose－free RPMI 1640 complete medium supplemented with 25 mmol/L glucose. Gallic acid was used as the test sample. Experiments were divided into normal controls, high－sugar models, and low, medium and high levels of gallic acid groups. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The mRNA expression of NLRP3 and TXNIP in INS－1 cells was detected by QPCR and Western blot, and the expression of NLRP3 and TXNIP protein was detected.Results (1) INS－1 cells were cultured in a medium with glucose concentration of 25mmol/L for 48h, and the apoptosis rate was increased compared with the control group (P＜0.01), indicating that the apoptosis model was established successfully under high glucose conditions. (2) 10, 5, and 2.5 μmol/L GA were used to treat the control group and the high glucose model group cells respectively. The survival rate of the control group did not change significantly (P＞0.05) . Compared with the control group, the expression of NLRP3 and TXNIP in INS－1 cells in the high glucose model group was significantly different (P＜0.05);the protein expression level was significantly downregulated after GA treatment, and there was a statistical difference (P＜0.05) . Compared with the control group, the expression of NLRP3 protein in INS－1 cells in the high glucose model group was statistically different (P＜0.01), and the protein expression level was significantly downregulated after GA treatment (P＜0.01) ; The protein expression level was up－regulated (P＜0.05);the protein expression level after GA treatment was significantly down－regulated (P＜0.05); (4) The expression of NLRP3 and TXNIP mRNA in INS－1 cells was increased in the high glucose model group compared with the control group (P＜0.01) ; The expression of protein was significantly down－regulated after GA treatment (P＜0.01) . Conclusion The cells were cultured for 48 h in glucose－free RPMI 1640 complete medium supplemented with 25 mmol/L glucose. GA has no effect on the proliferation of normal INS－1 cells. GA protects INS－1 cells from apoptosis under high glucose conditions. The mechanism may be related to GA down－regulation of NLRP3 and TXNIP gene expression.
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Objective To study the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid on the proliferation of human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line TPC-1 in vitro. Method TPC-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of ursolic acid (control group:0μM, experimental group:3μM , 6μM, 12μM);MTT assay was used to observe the effect of the growth of TPC-1 cells on different concentrations of ursolic acid at the same time;Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution of TPC-1 cells were treated with ursolic acid by flow cytometry;The expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-9 mRNA in TPC-1 cells were treated with ursolic acid by QRT-PCR;The expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-9 protein in TPC-1 cells were treated with ursolic acid by Western blot. Results MTT assay showed that ursolic acid inhibited the proliferation of TPC-1 cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner, and the IC50 at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h was 14.21 μM, 10.56 μM, 10.39 μM; Flow cytometry showed that ursolic acid inhibited the apoptosis of TPC-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and the growth of TPC-1 cells was arrested in S phase;QRT-PCR showed that Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-9 mRNA were expressed in the control and experimental groups, ursolic acid inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner and up-regulated the expression of Bax and Caspase-9 mRNA;Western blot results showed that Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-9 were expressed in the control and experimental groups, ursolic acid inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 protein in a concentration-dependent manner and up-regulated the expression of Bax protein and Caspase-9 protein. Conclusion Ursolic acid can significantly inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of human papillary thyroid TPC-1 cells, providing some ideas for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the expression of transforming growth factor beta-1(TGF-beta1) and the effects of early drugs intervention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) in rat model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The COPD rat model (group B) was established by intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide twice and daily exposure to cigarette smoking. Drug intervention groups received dongchongxiacao orally daily from the three days before the experiment (group C) and erythromycin by intraperitoneal injection since the third week (group D)and inhalation of budesonide since the forth week (group E). At the end of 10 weeks, all 40 rats including normal control (group A) were assessed for lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn). The expression of TGF-beta1 gene and protein were also observed by immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The changes of pathology and pathophysiology in rat COPD model were similar to those of human COPD. There was a significant increase in the smooth muscle and collagen thickness in the airway wall of the group B in comparison with that of the group A. RL in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.01), while it was inhibited by early drugs intervention (P<0.01). Cdyn was decreased in group B as compared with that in group A, which was limited by erythromycin and budesonide intervention (P<0.01). The relative content for TGF-beta1 was significantly increased in the epithelial cells of the bronchi, endothelial cells of the pulmonary small vessel and alveolar macrophages of COPD group as compared with those of normal controls (P<0.01).The relative contents for TGF-beta1 in the epithelial of bronchi in group D and group E were significantly lower than that in group B, but not found in group C. There was no difference between group D and group E. There were statistical positive relationships between the RL and the relative content for TGF-beta1 in the bronchial epithelial cells, between the RL and the mRNA level of TGF-beta1 in the lung tissue (P<0.01 approximately 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This rat COPD model could be helpful to obtain more information about airway remodeling. TGF-beta1 may play an important role during the process of airway remodeling, and could be influenced by early drugs intervention such as budesonide and erythromycin, which may imply their potency in the treatment of COPD. But there is not same phenomenon found in dongchongxiacao group.</p>