Government Health Insurance Schemes and Their Benefits to The Indian Population: An Overview

In today’s scenario accelerating cost of health significantly impact the health of people and the populace creat-ing a monetary burden on poor households. One of the key concerns while tackling healthcare disparities is out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE). Providing financial safety and provide universal coverage to the entire popu-lace are the main goal of health schemes. Health policies in India are based on equity prioritising the needs of the poor and underprivileged. Likewise, there is a discrepancy in the consistency of information and knowledge regarding the scheme among the beneficiaries. A review was created to help medical and nursing professionals to gain comprehensive knowledge of various health schemes. We tried to give an overview of various health schemes including Ayushman Bharat Yojana, Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (AABY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Rashtriya Swasthya BimaYojana (RSBY), Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIC), Employee Health Scheme and various state-level health schemes. include, Yeshasvini Health Insurance Scheme, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana, Chief Min-ister Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme, Mukhyamantri Amrutum Yojana, Karunya Health Scheme, Awaz Health Insurance Scheme, Telangana State Govt Employees and Journalist Health Scheme, Dr Ysr Aarog-yastri Health Care Trust, Mukhyamantri Chiranjeevi Yojana, Rajasthan Government Health Scheme (RGHS), and Aarogya Raksha.

REVIEW ON PREVENTION OF COVID-19: MIRACULOUS NATURAL HERBS

Currently, the novel and major life-threatening cause all over the world is COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) which is started at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread all over the world today. The infection of COVID-19 severity is variable which affects all ages' people and especially elderly persons whose immune system is very weak. Fatigue, fever, respiratory illness, dry cough, loss of appetite, olfactory dysfunction are the most common symptoms of this disease along with the decrease of certain cells of the immune system like helper T cells, monocytes/macrophages, etc. and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines are some of the major characteristics of this disease. Some natural herbal products are a successive option to combat SARS-Cov-2 disease. Herbs have various potential compound which is used as a dietary product that strongly influences immunity and maintenance of the homeostasis of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory. In the present review, we describe the potential of three herbal products as Turmeric (Haldi), Heart-leaved moonseed (Giloy), and Black cumin (Kalonji) that can be used for preventative or nutritional therapy of COVID-19.

Assess and Evaluation the Quality Of Life (Qol) Among Cancer Patients Undergoing Treatment by Using EORTC QLQ-30 Scale

Background: Cancer is a challenge for majority of population抯 health-related quality of life (HRQoL), compromising their physical health and emotional well-being. QoL is equally distributed among different social groups. The aim of this study to analyze the impact of clinical characteristics and social determinants of health on the QoL of a cohort of persons diagnosed and/or treated for cancer. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in a cohort of 155 with various stages of cancer at different stages of their disease. Data were obtained using questionnaires QLQ-C30 from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), which include a set of functional and symptomatic scales. We conducted descriptive and bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test, Anova Test and adjusted for relevant variables using logistic regression. The dependent variables were the functional scales of QoL and the independent variables were socio-demographic and clinical variables. Results: Among the participants, 80(51.6%) were male and 75(48.4%) were female and majority 66(42.6%) in between the age of 40-60 years. Large proportion of patients were diagnosed with Oral cancer 67(43.2%), and Breast cancer 23(14.8%), and the clinical stages during the beginning of therapy were maximum at stage II a 104(67.1%). The mean of global health status/QoL was 52.34 (SD= 23.34). Quality of life was found to be significantly associated with some functional scales as role functioning (P?0.001), social function, (P=0.00), and symptom scales as pain (P=0.00), loss of appetite (P=0.004) and financial impact (P=0.02) as well as associations were noted in relation to socio demographic characteristics. Women from the most disadvantaged class, and showed the poorest results for most of the function scales. In contrast, age, education, occupation and social status had differential effects depending on the function studied. The highest functional status was cognitive functioning (54.58�.68). Conclusions: The cancer diagnosis has become more prevalent and carries significant changes to the method of living with physical and emotional changes in term of quality of life (QoL) because of inconvenience, torment, disfigurement, reliance and loss of confidence. In addition, addressing the unmet needs of these patients and ensuring higher satisfaction rate are recommended to maintain adequate HRQoL.

Anti-obese activity of Butea monosperma (Lam) bark extract in experimentally induced obese rats.

To study the efficacy of ethanolic extract of B. monosperma bark in cafeteria and atherogenic diet fed rats and monosodium glutamate (MSG) obese rats, different doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of B. monosperma bark showed dose dependent decrease in body weight, daily food intake, glucose, lipids, internal organs’ weight and fat pad weight in cafeteria and atherogenic diet fed rats and monosodium glutamate obese rats. The results suggested that B. monosperma has significant anti-obese activity.

Fatal stings: Autopsy findings in scorpion envenomation.

Scorpion envenomation represents one of the common clinical emergencies in various parts of India. There is considerable literature regarding clinical manifestations and management protocols; however only a few studies are available dealing with autopsy findings. One of the reasons is that mortality is not very high in scorpion envenomation as compared to snakebite envenomation. The present study describes autopsy findings derived from five cases that were autopsied during a five year period. Common site for scorpion sting appears to be some peripheral part of the body, and the sting mark is usually one in number. In the present series, toxic myocarditis was suspected in 3 cases, while one person manifested cardiogenic shock, and the other had respiratory distress syndrome with multiorgan failure. At autopsy, pulmonary oedema was noted in all the cases, and a state of circulatory failure in 3 cases. Correlation of gross and microscopic findings suggest that a state of shock occurs, resulting in circulatory failure and subsequent multiorgan failure.

Pregnancy-related deaths: A three-year retrospective study.

Over 600000 maternal deaths occur each year worldwide. In India, many women die due to pregnancy-related complications. The present study was undertaken with a view to determine factors causing maternal deaths, to recognize cause of death and to discuss the utility of autopsy record as a useful and adjunct data source for ascertainment of maternal deaths. A total 21 pregnancy-related deaths occurring during 2004 to 2006 were studied and their age ranged from 21 year to 35 year. It was observed that maximum numbers of deaths were recorded in the age group of 21-25 years (52.38%). Analyzing the pregnancy outcome, live birth to child were given by 9 females and 1 died during abortion. Hemorrhage remains leading cause of death (38.09%) followed by indirect causes (23.80%), undetermined (19.04%), sepsis (9.52%) and postpartum pre-eclamptic shock (9.52%). Death records remain an important source of maternal deaths however, using only death certificate suffers from drawback because many times cause of death is not mentioned, especially if death incurred medicolegal autopsy. Under such circumstances review of autopsy reports may prove useful in the ascertainment of maternal deaths and elucidating the emerging trends.

Crown augmentation using modified bilayered restoration for anchorage: a case report.

An ankylosed tooth can be suitable for obtaining orthodontic anchorage. However, if such a tooth lacks adequate clinical crown height, the anchorage will not be effective. In those situations surgical luxation or restorative crown augmentation is suggested. This case report is about the restorative treatment of an ankylosed, infraoccluded tooth to enhance the anchorage for forced orthodontic eruption of impacted maxillary canines. A crown augmentation in the form of a modified bilayered (sandwich) restoration using GIC, Composite resin and Silver amalgam on left maxillary first molar (26) was successful in sustaining the anchorage for forced eruption and alignment of impacted canines.

Electrocution: A six-year study of electrical fatalities.

A six-year study, from January 2001 to December 2006, was undertaken in an attempt to study the pattern of electrical injuries, the cause of death, manner of death and the importance of histopathological examination. The study was comprised of 86 cases brought with history of electrocution, consisting of 69 men and 17 women. Their age ranged from [3] year to [65] year. We had found 97.67% cases of accidental death and 2.32% cases of homicides. Accidental death was more common in age group 21 to 30 years. Of all cases, 45.34% cases were of electric contact, 31.39% cases were of contact and heat and 9.30% cases were of flash burns. In [6] cases no electric mark could be identified. With reference to occupation, 20.93% of deaths occurred in labor class. Considering the histopathological changes, nuclear streaming, dermo-epidermal separation and coagulative necrosis were amongst the commonest lesions.

Effect of 2-5 years of tobacco smoking on ventilatory function tests.

Smoking is a pernicious scourge of the world today. There is paucity of literature on the effect of acute smoking on ventilatory functions. The present work is undertaken to study the effect of 2-5 years of tobacco smoking on ventilatory functions. The study group consisted of 30 male, young, healthy subjects, free from cardiopulmonary diseases and with history of smoking of 2-5 years duration, on an average of 10 cigarettes per day. The control group consisted of 30 age-and sex-matched healthy individuals who had naver smoked tobacco. The ventilatory function tests were carried out using electronic spriolyser. There was a significant lowering of the following parameters in smokers: Vital capacity (VC), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), inspiratory capacity (IC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at the end of first second (FEV1), maximum midexpiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), midexpiratory flow75 (MEF75), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). This study shows that 2-5 years of tobacco smoking leads to a definite tendency to narrowing of both the large and the small airways.

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an uncommon cause of bleeding in children. We diagnosed two siblings as having GT on the basis of flow cytometric studies. Both had cutaneous bleedings and epistaxis since early childhood. Hematological investigations revealed prolonged bleeding time and a normal platelet count. Both the patients had absence of aggregation of platelets with the agonist adenosine diphosphate. Absence of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor was confirmed by flow cytometry. A short review of the disorder is presented.

Norms for renal parenchymal volume in Indian children.

Seventy-seven clinically normal children with kidneys of normal size were examined sonographically. Renal parenchymal volumes were calculated and related to age, height, body weight and body surface area; growth charts were constructed. A significant correlation was found between the renal parenchymal volume and the body somatometric parameters. The present report thus provides norms for renal parenchymal volume in Indian children.

Glucose modulation of gap junctions in the islets of Langerhans of protein malnourished rats.

It is believed that protein deficiency causes decreased insulin release in response to a glucose stimulus. We have recently shown that in prolonged protein deficiency, decreased insulin response to glucose is directly proportional to a decrease in the islet volume, suggesting no apparent defect in the insulin secretory mechanism in protein deficiency. It is documented that glucose-stimulated insulin release is closely related to an increase in the gap junctions of stimulated islet beta cells. In the present study, we show that the gap junctions of islets obtained from rats fed on a 4% protein diet were increased both in number and size following glucose treatment. This provided further proof that the mechanism to respond to glucose is not compromised in the endocrine tissue of the severely protein malnourished rats.