A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ulcer with Recent Trends

A peptic ulcer (PU) is common gastrointestinal disorder which is seen among many people. It is an erosion in a segment of the gastrointestinal mucosa, typically in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or first few centimeters of duodenum (duodenal ulcer) that penetrates through the muscularis mucosae. Ulceration occurs when there is a disturbance of the normal equilibrium caused by either enhanced aggression or diminished mucosal resistance. It may cause by Helicobacter pylori infection, regular usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory’s, irregular food habits, stress, and gastric acid secretions. There are several synthetic medications available to treat ulcers. However, compared to herbal supplements, these medications are more expensive and likely to have more side effects. Various herbal medicines have traditionally been used to cure PU disease. The active phytochemical components of a single plant are insufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effects. Combination of two or more than two herbs is called polyherbal formulation. Polyherbal formulations are used to improve the therapeutic potential. The medicinal effect will be boosted and the toxicity will be reduced when various herbs are combined in appropriate ratios in the polyherbal formulation that this study is based on the herbs, polyherbal formulations (in treating PU), recent work, and patent on polyherbal formulations based on pharmacological activities.

Significados de vivencias en cuidados gestacionales de nacidos con bajo peso

El bajo peso al nacer se considera un problema en salud pública multifactorial, con consecuencias como la morbimortalidad neonatal, deficiencias en el desarrollo cognitivo y el aumento del riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas en etapas posteriores de la vida. Objetivo: interpretar los significados de las vivencias en cuidados gestacionales de las mujeres con hijos con bajo peso al nacer a término, que permitan identificar aspectos de salud, socioeconómicos, emocionales, entre otros, que sean relevantes durante la gestación y que puedan ser caracterizados e incluidos en el marco de las políticas públicas vinculantes en Sincelejo, Sucre. Metodología: fenomenología aplicada a ocho mujeres madres de niños/as con bajo peso al nacer a término. La información fue procesada con el método Colaizzi. Resultados: derivaron cinco macro categorías: 1) Cuidado y cuidado de sí en la gestación. 2) La salud en movimiento durante los cuidados de la gestación. 3) El cambio como vivencia permanente en la gestación. 4) Economía y gestación. 5) Las emocionalidades habitan la gestación. Conclusiones: El estudio atiende al nacimiento y a los factores contextuales, sociales y familiares relacionados. Se convirtió en una vía hacia el conocimiento protagonizado por las gestantes de gran utilidad para las políticas públicas.

Low birth weight is considered a multifactorial public health problem with consequences such as neonatal morbidity and mortality, deficiencies in cognitive development and increased risk of developing chronic diseases in later stages of life. Objective: To interpret the meanings of the experiences in pregnancy care of women with low birth weight babies at term, which allow the identification of health, socioeconomic and emotional aspects, among others, that are relevant during pregnancy, and that can be characterized and included in the framework of binding public policies in Sincelejo, Sucre. Method: Phenomenology applied to eight mothers of low-birth-weight babies at term. The information was processed with the Colaizzi method. Results: Five macro-categories were derived: 1) Care and self-care during pregnancy; 2) Health in motion during pregnancy care 3) Change as a permanent experience in pregnancy 4) Economy and gestation 5) Emotionality inhabiting gestation. Conclusions: The study addresses birth, contextual, social and family related factors. This study became a path towards knowledge carried out by pregnant women, which is very useful for public policies.

O baixo peso ao nascer se considera um problema na saúde pública multifatorial, com consequências como a morbimortalidade neonatal, deficiências no desenvolvimento cognitivo e o aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas em etapas posteriores da vida. Objetivo: interpretar os significados das vivências em cuidados gestacionais das mulheres com filhos com baixo peso ao nascer a termo, identificar aspeitos de saúde, socioeconómicos, emocionais, entre outros, que sejam relevantes durante a gestação e que possam ser caracterizados e incluídos no marco das políticas públicas vinculantes em Sincelejo, Sucre. Metodologia: fenomenologia aplicada a oito mulheres mães de meninos/as com baixo peso ao nascer a termo. A informação foi processada com o método Colaizzi. Resultados: derivaram cinco macro categorias: 1) Cuidado e cuidado de si na gestação. 2) A saúde em movimento durante os cuidados da gestação. 3) O câmbio como vivência permanente na gestação. 4) Economia e gestação. 5) As emocionalidades tem a gestação. Conclusões: O estudo atende ao nascimento e aos fatores contextuais, sociais e familiares relacionados. Tornou-se em uma via para o conhecimento protagonizado pelas gestantes é de grande utilidade para as políticas públicas.

Índices de obesidad en mujeres con cáncer de mama del Cauca, Colombia / Obesity Indices in Women with Breast Cancer in Cauca, Colombia / Índices de obesidade entre mulheres com câncer de mama em Cauca, Colômbia

Resumen: Introducción: Algunos estudios permiten identificar que el cáncer de mama tiene orígenes multicausales y dentro de ellos se encuentran los trastornos derivados asociados a la grasa corporal, el objetivo fue identificar el nivel de sobrepeso u obesidad a través de índices de adiposidad en mujeres con cáncer de mama del departamento del Cauca. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo correlacional, con 126 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama. Las medidas para el análisis de la grasa corporal fueron el índice de conicidad, adiposidad, volumen abdominal y la ecuación CUN BAE, IMC, perímetros de cintura y cadera, se procesó en SPSS, obteniendo medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, como el estadístico de Pearson con una significancia p < 0,05, y la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), para determinar la sensibilidad y la especificidad de las pruebas de adiposidad, atendiendo los aspectos éticos y legales. Resultados: el 31,78 %, de las evaluadas presentaron cáncer tipo IIb, invasivo en ganglios axilares, con una edad de la menarquia de 13,50±2,33 años. Se observó un promedio de sobrepeso según el IMC de 26,91±4,87 Kg/m2, respecto al perímetro de cintura (46.02 %) y el ICC (58.72 %) no manifestaron riesgo en estas variables; se identificaron correlaciones positivas muy altas entre el perímetro de cintura y los índices de adiposidad (R=0,992), índice de conicidad (R=0,858) y el ICC (R=0,845). Conclusiones: se pudo establecer que un alto porcentaje de mujeres con cáncer de mama presentó sobrepeso, identificando situaciones de riesgo asociadas con la grasa acumulada alrededor de la cintura, que se relaciona con otros índices de adiposidad, la herramienta identificada como útil correspondió al índice de conicidad con significancia estadística.

Abstract: Introduction: Obesity has become a problem that accentuates cancer processes. So the objective was to identify the level of obesity through adiposity indices in women with breast cancer in the department of Cauca-Colombia. Material and Methods: A correlational descriptive study with 126 women diagnosed with breast cancer. The measures for the analysis of body adiposity were the conicity index, body adiposity, abdominal volume, and the CUN BAE equation, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences. The data collected were processed in SPSS, obtaining measures of central tendency and dispersion, such as the Pearson statistic with a significance of p< 0.05 and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the sensitivity and specificity of adiposity tests, considering ethical and legal aspects. Results: 31.78% of women evaluated presented type IIb cancer. Invasive cancer in axillary lymph nodes, with menarche ages 13.50±2.33 years. An overweight average was observed according to a BMI of 26.91±4.87 Kg/m2. Concerning the waist circumference (46.02%) and the ICC (58.72%), they did not show risk in these variables. Very high positive correlations were identified between waist circumference and adiposity indices (R=0.992), conicity index (R=0.858), and WHR (R=0.845). Conclusions: It was possible to establish that a high percentage of women with breast cancer were overweight, identifying risk situations related to the fat accumulated around the waist, which is related to other adiposity indices. The tool identified as useful corresponded to the index of conicity with statistical significance.

Resumo: Introdução: A obesidade tornou-se um problema que acentua os processos de câncer. O objetivo era identificar o nível de obesidade através de índices de adiposidade em mulheres com câncer de mama no departamento do Cauca, Colômbia. Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo correlacional, com 126 mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama. As medidas para a análise da adiposidade corporal foram o índice de conicidade, adiposidade corporal, volume abdominal e a equação CUN BAE, índice de massa corporal, perímetros de cintura e quadril. Os dados foram processados no SPSS, obtendo-se medidas de tendência central e dispersão como a estatística de Pearson com um significado p<0,05, como a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), para determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade dos testes de adiposidade, considerando os aspectos éticos e legais. Resultados: 31,78% das mulheres avaliadas tinham câncer tipo IIb, câncer invasivo nos gânglios axilares, com idade na menarca de 13,50±2,33 anos. Foi observado um excesso de peso médio de 26,91±4,87 kg/m2 com base no IMC, com relação ao perímetro da cintura (46,02%) e ICC (58,72%) não mostrou risco nestas variáveis; foram identificadas correlações positivas muito altas entre o perímetro da cintura e os índices de adiposidade (R=0,992), Índice de Conicidade (R=0,858) e ICC (R=0,845). Conclusões: Foi possível estabelecer que uma alta porcentagem de mulheres com câncer de mama estava com sobrepeso, identificando situações de risco relacionadas à gordura acumulada ao redor da cintura, que está relacionada a outros índices de adiposidade. A ferramenta identificada como útil correspondeu ao índice de conicidade com significância estatística.

Contemporary image of nursing profession: an explorative study of Bihar state

Background: Nurses currently contributing more than half of the manpower in the health sector and play a significant role in it, that is why the health sector is largely dependent on them but still they are largely invisible among people and their capabilities are limited in the field of their work that under-represents them. It has also been observed that many people have positive perception towards image of nursing profession which has become widely evident during COVID-19. The study aimed to determine the college students� perception towards the contemporary image of the nursing profession. Methods: A quantitative research approach and descriptive cross-sectional research design were used. By adopting the purposive sampling technique, 420 college students were selected from the colleges and universities of Bihar. Data collected via online Based-Google form and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Out of 420 student participants, 97.4% have positive perception and 2.6% students have negative perception towards contemporary image of nursing profession. Most of the responses were in positive feedback such as, nurses are hardworking, knowledgeable, they are vital to health care delivery system whereas few were in contrary. There was a statistically significant association found between socio-demographic variables and perceived image of nursing profession as depicted in domiciliary (p= 0.010) and educational status of father (p= 0.058), at the p-value <0.05 (typically ?0.05). Conclusions: The study concluded that there is a positive perception among college students towards contemporary image of nursing profession.

Experience of using an adapted snorkel mask as personal protective equipment in the COVID-19 pandemic / Experiencia de uso de una máscara de snorkel adaptada como equipo de protección personal en la pandemia por COVID-19

Abstract Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic and the cases of shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), the utilization of modified snorkel masks has been documented, seeking to provide respiratory and facial protection against SARS-CoV-2 aerosols. However, there is no report of changes in vital signs that can occur with its use, along with the perception of its wear by health personnel. Methods: A case series was performed. Equipment: Snorkel mask®, 3D adapter, and antimicrobial filter. CO2 level, respiratory rate, oximetry, pulse, and blood pressure were monitored for one hour. During the time of use, activities related to patient care were simulated. At the end, the usage characteristics were evaluated through a survey. Results: 14 volunteers were included in the study. After one hour of continuous use, the clinical parameters were predominantly normal. 85% of the participants preferred this modified snorkel mask instead of personal protective equipment established for COVID-19 (goggles, N95 mask and visor). Conclusions: The adapted snorkel mask could be an alternative to PPE equipment in situations of scarce resources. This is only considered within the framework of its acceptability by a group of health professionals, in addition to the few effects on the vital signs evaluated in this case series. Further objective evaluations of usability and effectiveness are required.

Resumen Introducción: tras la pandemia del COVID-19 y los casos de escasez de equipo de protección personal (EPP) se ha documentado el uso de máscaras de snorkel modificadas con el fin de brindar protección respiratoria y facial contra los aerosoles del SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, no hay reportes de los cambios clínicos que puedan ocurrir en el usuario, además de la percepción de usabilidad por parte de los trabajadores de salud. Métodos: se realizó una serie de casos. Equipo: snorkel mask®, adaptador 3D y filtro antimicrobiano. Se controló el nivel de CO2, la frecuencia respiratoria, la oximetría, el pulso y la presión arterial por una hora. Durante este tiempo se simularon actividades relacionadas con la atención al paciente. Al final se evaluaron las características de uso a través de una encuesta. Resultados: se incluyeron 14 voluntarios. Después de una hora de uso continuo, los parámetros clínicos fueron predominantemente normales. El 85 % de los participantes prefirió esta máscara de snorkel modificada en lugar del equipo de protección personal establecido para COVID-19 (gafas, máscara N95 y visera). Conclusiones: la máscara de snorkel adaptada podría ser una alternativa como EPP en situaciones de escasez de recursos. Lo anterior solo se considera en el marco de su aceptabilidad por un grupo de profesionales de la salud, además de la poca afectación en sus constantes vitales evaluadas en esta serie de casos. Se requiere de más evaluaciones objetivas acerca de su usabilidad y efectividad

Development and Characterization of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles for Colon Cancer Treatment

The current study aimed to assess the cytotoxic potential of doxorubicin (DOX) loaded nanoparticles (NPs) for effective colon cancer targeting. Poly-caprolactone (PCL) was used to make the NPs, and PCL was then conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (HA-PEG-PCL NPs). The developed NPs were used to encapsulate the DOX, which was then tested for stability, in-vitro drug release, cell viability, and entrapment effectiveness. The NPs were manufactured with care, and TEM examinations showed that they were spherical. Zeta potential measurements for HA-PEG-PCL and PCL NPs were 16.4±0.84 mV, -4.9±0.3, and PDI 0.648 and 0.553, respectively, for both formulations. HA-PEG-PCL NPs and PCL NPs were found to have particle sizes of 267±0.5 nm and 142±1.5 nm, respectively. The NPs made using HA-PEG-PCL copolymers demonstrated their ability to continue the release of DOX. While DOX-HA-PEG-PCL NPs released 93.1±2.4% of DOX in 96 hrs, DOX-PCL NPs released nearly 100% of the medication in the same time frame. When the stability was assessed in terms of particle size and %EE, it was discovered that the NPs formulations were more stable at 4±2°C and then 28±2°C. Because HA binds to the overexpressed CD44 receptors on HT-29 cells, the DOX-HA-PEG-PCL NPs demonstrated noticeably more cytotoxicity as a result of better formulation internalization. The controlled drug release behaviour of the proposed nanotechnology showed their potential for colon cancer cell lines.

EPIDEMIOCLINICAL PROFILE OF PAIN IN EMERGENCY ROOM OF THE TEACHING HOSPITAL SOUTH MAHAVOKY MAHAJANGA MADAGASCAR

Introduction: Pain is a very frequent symptom in emergency medicine and the understanding of its epidemio-clinical characters is essential to better manage it. The objective of our work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of acute pain in a medical emergency department. Materials and methods: This is a prospective study carried out in the Emergency Reception-Triage Service of the CHU-MA Mahajanga, from October 1, 2018 to September 30, 2019. We recorded the socio-demographic data of the patients as well as the characteristics pains. The variables were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 software. The frequency of painful patients admitted is estimated at 43.5%. The Results: pain has concerned mainly patients from 46 to 60 years old (27.33%), with an average age of 57 years of female gender (61.2%). The group working in the informal sector (65.5%) was the most affected. As for the reasons for admission, it was mainly acute pain (86.3%) due to an excess nociception (97.9%), dominated by medical pathologies with preponderance digestive pathologies (34.5%). Through this study, we were able to see that pain is the most common reason for entering the Conclusion: emergency room. According to our study, it predominates in people of age more advanced and the most frequent causes are medical pathologies.

Diagnóstico de la formación de los pasantes de enfermería para la atención en los escenarios clínicos durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Diagnosis of the training of nursing interns for care in clinical settings during the COVID-19 pandemic

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el área de la salud, el servicio social pretende que el futuro profesional de la salud ponga en práctica y consolide toda una serie de conocimientos, habilidades, capacidades y destrezas durante la atención de salud de calidad brindada a la sociedad en alguna institución u organización pública o privada. OBJETIVO: Describir la formación de los pasantes de enfermería para la atención en los escenarios de servicio social. METODOLOGÍA: Se trata de un estudio observacional, de carácter transversal donde participaron 268 pasantes de Enfermería de la generación 2018-2021 de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). RESULTADOS: De la población total de pasantes, el 78% correspondió al sexo femenino y el 22% al sexo masculino. Por niveles de atención se encontró que el 34% de los pasantes lo realizan en el Primer Nivel, el 33% en el 3er y en el 2º Nivel de Atención. Los principales servicios por los que han rotado en los meses de la pasantía son Urgencias y Hospitalización, Consulta Externa, Ginecología, Quirófano y Administración. Los servicios de urgencias y hospitalización fueron en donde los pasantes manifestaron las mayores dificultades con un 54%. El 36,9% de los pasantes manifestaron deficiencias en los aspectos teóricos.

INTRODUCTION. In the Health area, the social service aims for the future health professional to put into practice and consolidate a whole series of knowledge, skills, capacities and abilities during the quality health care provided to the population. partnership in any public or private institution or organization. OBJECTIVE. Identify the training of nursing interns for care in social service settings. METHODOLOGY. A total of 268 Nursing interns participated, belonging to the 2018-2021 generation of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). RESULTS. Of the total population of interns, 78% corresponded to the females and 22% are males. By levels of care, it was found that 34% of the interns do so at the First Level and 33% at the second and third Levels of Care. The main services through which they have rotated in the months of the internship are Emergency and Hospitalization, External Consultation, Gynecology, Operating Room, and Administration. The emergency and hospitalization services were where the interns expressed the greatest difficulties with 54%. 36,9% of the interns showed deficiencies in the theoretical aspects.

COVID-19: una oportunidad para revitalizar la autonomía alimentaria en comunidades indígenas / COVID-19: an opportunity to revitalize food autonomy in indigenous communities / Covid-19: uma oportunidade para revitalizar a autonomia alimentar nas comunidades indígenas

Resumen La autonomía alimentaria permite a las comunidades determinar sus prácticas alimentarias, comenzando con la producción agrícola en sus territorios garantizando la economía propia y la armonía con la madre tierra, en este contexto, la pandemia por COVID-19 generó cambios en las practicas sociales en las comunidades indígenas, incluidas sus prácticas alimentarias. Objetivo: Describir prácticas de autonomía alimentaria revitalizadas a partir del confinamiento por COVID-19 en una comunidad indígena Nasa del sur de Colombia. Método: Estudio cualitativo orientado en investigación participativa basada en comunidad (CBPR) realizado en una comunidad indígena Nasa del sur de Colombia. La recolección e interpretación de información se efectuó con técnicas de la investigación cualitativa: codificación abierta y axial y hasta llegar a la descripción de categorías emergentes. Resultados: Se fortalecieron prácticas ancestrales del sistema alimentario para mejorar el acceso a los alimentos sanos producidos en sus territorios, dentro de las que se destacan: tul (huerta familiar), trueque, mano-cambio, mercado Nasa y recetas tradicionales. Conclusiones: El confinamiento representó una oportunidad para retomar y revitalizar las prácticas alimentarias ancestrales de la comunidad que respondieron a necesidades concretas de salud y de alimentación, fortaleciendo el tejido social y la identidad indígena, acciones que pueden trascender a políticas públicas, planes de vida y aspiraciones de buen vivir.

Abstract Food autonomy allows communities to determine their food practices, starting with agricultural production in their territories, guaranteeing their own economy and harmony with Mother Earth. In this context, the COVID-19 pandemic generated changes in social practices in the communities. indigenous communities, including their food practices. Objective: Describe food autonomy practices revitalized following the COVID-19 confinement in a Nasa indigenous community in southern Colombia. Method: Qualitative study oriented on community-based participatory research (CBPR) carried out in a Nasa indigenous community in southern Colombia. The collection and interpretation of information was carried out with qualitative research techniques: open and axial coding and until reaching the description of emerging categories. Results: Ancestral practices of the food system were strengthened to improve access to healthy foods produced in their territories, among which the following stand out: tul (family garden), barter, hand-exchange, Nasa market and traditional recipes. Conclusions: Confinement represented an opportunity to resume and revitalize the community's ancestral food practices that responded to specific health and food needs, strengthening the social fabric and indigenous identity, actions that can transcend public policies, life plans and aspirations for a good life.

Abstract A autonomia alimentar permite que as comunidades determinem suas práticas alimentares, começando pela produção agrícola em seus territórios, garantindo sua própria economia e harmonia com a Mãe Terra. Nesse contexto, a pandemia da Covid-19 gerou mudanças nas práticas sociais nas comunidades indígenas, incluindo suas práticas alimentares. Objetivo: Descrever as práticas de autonomia alimentar revitalizadas após o confinamento da COVID-19 em uma comunidade indígena Nasa no sul da Colômbia. Método: Estudo qualitativo orientado à pesquisa participativa de base comunitária (CBPR) realizada em uma comunidade indígena Nasa no sul da Colômbia. A coleta e interpretação das informações foram realizadas com técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa: codificação aberta e axial e até chegar à descrição das categorias emergentes. Resultados: As práticas ancestrais do sistema alimentar foram fortalecidas para melhorar o acesso aos alimentos saudáveis produzidos em seus territórios, entre os quais se destacam: tul (horta familiar), escambo, troca de mãos, mercado Nasa e receitas tradicionais. Conclusões: O confinamento representou uma oportunidade para retomar e revitalizar as práticas alimentares ancestrais da comunidade que respondiam às necessidades específicas de saúde e alimentação, fortalecendo o tecido social e a identidade indígena, ações que podem transcender as políticas públicas, os planos de vida e as aspirações por uma vida boa.

Vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en cepas de Neisseria gonorrhoeae aisladas en Paraguay. Año 2021

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) es el agente causal de la gonorrea, infección de transmisión sexual (ITS) que corresponde a la segunda causa más frecuente de ITS a nivel mundial, provocando una alta morbilidad y costo en atención de salud. En las últimas décadas han aumentado los reportes a nivel mundial de cepas resistentes a penicilina, sulfonamidas, tetraciclina, macrólidos y fluoroquinolonas, y más recientemente a azitromicina y cefalosporinas de espectro extendido como ceftriaxona y cefixima. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos en cepas de N. gonorrhoeae que fueron enviadas al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública (LCSP), por los centros colaboradores de la Red de Vigilancia Laboratorial de la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (RAM). Para ello, se realizó un estudio prospectivo de corte transversal de enero a diciembre de 2021. Se caracterizaron 128 cepas como N. gonorrhoeae a las cuales se le realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad obteniéndose 48% de resistencia y 52% de sensibilidad intermedia a penicilina. El 70% presentó resistencia a ciprofloxacina y el 19% a tetraciclina. Se obtuvo 100% de sensibilidad a ceftriaxona y cefixima. El fenotipo de resistencia de mayor prevalencia fue QRNG, asociado con resistencia a ciprofloxacina, seguido del fenotipo PPNG-QRNG, asociado con resistencia a penicilina y ciprofloxacina. Ante estos hallazgos y frente a la emergencia mundial de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos, especialmente de cefalosporinas de espectro extendido, se recomienda que los laboratorios de bacteriología fortalezcan la vigilancia para apoyar la detección de casos y proporcionar el tratamiento adecuado.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) is the causal agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is the second most common cause of STIs worldwide, causing high morbidity and cost in health care. In recent decades, reports of strains resistant to penicillin, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracycline, macrolides, and more recently to azithromycin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone and cefixime have increased worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity to antimicrobials in N. gonorrhoeae strains that were sent to the Central Laboratory of Public Health (LCSP), by the collaborating centers of the Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory Surveillance Network (RAM). For this, a prospective cross-sectional study was carried out from January to December, 2021. One hundred eighty strains were characterized as N. gonorrhoeae, which were subjected to sensitivity tests, obtaining 48% resistance and 52% intermediate sensitivity to penicillin while 70% presented resistance to ciprofloxacin and 19% to tetracycline. Also, 100% sensitivity to ceftriaxone and cefixime was obtained. The most prevalent resistance phenotype was QRNG, associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin, followed by the PPNG-QRNG phenotype, associated with resistance to penicillin and ciprofloxacin. Given these findings and the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance, especially extended-spectrum cephalosporins, it is recommended that bacteriology laboratories fortify surveillance to support case detection and provide appropriate treatment.

Text Messages Validation and Adaptation for Breastfeeding Promotion / Validación y adaptación de mensajes de texto para el fomento de la lactancia materna / Validação e adaptação de mensagens de texto para o fomento da lactância materna

Abstract Objective: to design and validate a text messages database to promote breastfeeding. Materials and methods: quantitative research, instruments validation type done in three phases: (1) creation of text messages from documental analysis, (2) validation of content with experts, (3) comprehension tests with pregnant and maternal women. The analyzed information was done with SPSS version 22. Results: the final database had 96 text messages, submitted to the content validation phase with the participation of 13 experts. The internal consistency was "very high" with Cronbach Alfa of 0.93. The results of comprehension tests showed an adequate understanding of messages by pregnant and maternal women. Conclusions: the quantitative results showed through Cronbach Alfa, and comprehension tests administered to pregnant and maternal women, allowed to keep all the messages elaborated in phase 0 of the research and justify their adequate use for the promotion of breastfeeding.

Resumen Objetivo: diseñar y validar una base de datos de mensajes de texto para el fomento de la lactancia materna. Materiales y métodos: investigación cuantitativa del tipo validación de instrumentos, realizada en tres fases, la primera, permitió elaborar los mensajes de texto a partir de indagación documental; en la segunda se llevó a cabo la validación de contenido con expertos en la temática y en la tercera se realizaron las pruebas de comprensión con gestantes y lactantes. La información fue analizada en el software SPSS versión 22. Resultados: la base de datos de mensajes de texto final estuvo conformada por 96 mensajes, los cuales fueron sometidos a la fase de validación de contenido donde participaron 13 expertos. La consistencia interna se ubicó como "muy alto" con el Alfa de Cronbach de 0,93. Los resultados de las pruebas de comprensión evidenciaron un adecuado entendimiento de los mensajes por parte de las gestantes y lactantes. Conclusiones: los resultados cuantitativos evidenciados a través del Alfa de Cronbach, junto con las pruebas de comprensión realizadas con madres gestantes y lactantes, permitieron conservar el total de mensajes elaborados en la fase 0 de la investigación y soportan su adecuada utilización para el fomento de la lactancia materna.

Resumo Objetivo: esenhar e validar uma base de dados de mensagens de texto para o fomento da lactância materna. Materiais e métodos: pesquisa quantitativa o tipo validação de instrumentos, feita em três fases, a primeira, permitiu elaborar as mensagens de texto a partir de indagação documental; na segunda se levou a cabo a validação de conteúdo com expertos na temática e na terceira se realizaram as provas de compreensão com gestantes e lactantes. A informação foi analisada no software SPSS versão 22. Resultados: a base de dados de mensagens de texto final esteve conformada por 96 mensagens, os quais foram submetidos à fase de validação de conteúdo onde participaram 13 expertos. A consistência interna se ubicou como "muito alto" com l Alfa de Cronbach de 0,93. Os resultados das provas de compreensão evidenciaram um adequado entendimento das mensagens por parte das gestantes e lactantes. Conclusões: os resultados quantitativos evidenciados a través do Alfa de Cronbach, junto com as provas de compressão feitas com mães gestantes e lactantes, permitiram conservar o total de mensagens elaborados na fase 0 da pesquisa e suportam sua adequada utilização para o fomento da lactância materna.

KNOWLEDGE TOWARDS SKILL BASED COURSES AMONG HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF MOHANLAL SUKHADIA UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR

This study explored the knowledge among higher education students towards Skill based course. In addition, this study analyzed the education, Gender, Marital status and residential area. 166 respondents were selected to conduct the study from University college of Social Science and Humanities, MLSU, Udaipur. Data was collected using selfstructured questionnaires via Google forms. The data were analyzed using Frequencies, Percentage, Mean, Standard deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis for descriptive purposes. Major findings revealed that majority of the respondents completed graduation and doing post graduation majority of the respondents were female and unmarried and belonged to urban and rural residential area. Developed questionnaire was subdivided into three categories has slight mean difference indicates that no more difference was found in output knowledge, area specific knowledge and basic knowledge.

Molecular docking studies of natural and synthetic compounds against human secretory PLA2 in therapeutic intervention of inflammatory diseases and analysis of their pharmacokinetic properties

Literature survey reveals that there are several natural and synthetic anti-inflammatory compounds reported till date. As a therapeutic drug target, PLA2 inhibition is preferred over other anti-inflammatory drug targets. The pro-inflammatory effects of group X sPLA2 are acquired from multiple pathways. This study aims to identify the best anti-inflammatory compound among 22 compounds reported in literature using in silico approach. The compound ligands are subjected to docking against the target protein human sPLA2 [PDB ID: 5G3M] at the active site using AutoDock 4.2.6. Based on the ? binding free energy and hydrogen bonding interactions, it was observed that ten compounds fit at the active site. Out of these, compound 1 (14-deoxyandrographolide) was selected as the best compound. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of the ligands are analyzed using pkCSM software available online. Compound 1 exhibited the best conformational fit when compared to the co-crystal inhibitor 4-Benzylbenzamide.

Actitudes hacia la discapacidad en Universitarios de Popayán-Colombia / Attitudes towards disability in university students in Popayan-Colombia / Atitudes em relação à deficiência em estudantes universitários de Popayán-Colômbia

Objetivo: Identificar las actitudes hacia la discapacidad en universitarios de Popayán, Co-lombia. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo correlacional de cohorte transversal, con un muestreo por conveniencia aplicado a 276 estudiantes. Se utilizó un instrumento validado por Novo et al. (1), con un alfa de Cronbach superior a ,75 donde se diferencian tres compo-nentes relacionados con las actitudes de estudiantes. En el manejo estadístico se identificó la normalidad de la muestra y se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas de tendencia central y dispersión; la relación entre las variables se realizó con la estadística de Pearson (p<,05). Resultados: Se encontró una actitud positiva frente a la discapacidad, estadísticamente sig-nificativa (p=,052); esta se relacionó con las intenciones de los estudiantes de vincularse con los procesos de discapacidad. También se evidenció que las mujeres tienen una mayor actitud hacia las personas con discapacidad. Sin embargo, se encontró que desde la percepción de los universitarios, en la institución faltan programas con los que se les prepare hacia la inclusión educativa. Conclusión: La actitud positiva se manifestó en mayor medida en las mujeres. Por otra parte, aunque la intención de ayuda a las personas con discapacidad está presente, se puede observar que los estudiantes no se visualizan con una discapacidad. Con respecto a la norma social es notoria una carencia de acciones por parte de las instituciones universitarias, así como de programas orientados a la población con discapacidad

Objective: Identify the attitudes towards disability in university students in Popayan-Colom-bia. Material and method: Descriptive correlational and cross-sectional study, with conven-ience samplings applied on 276 students. The instrument validated by Novo-Corti et al. was used, with a Cronbach's alpha over 0,75 differentiating three components related with student attitudes. In the statistical analysis the normality of the sample was identified and descriptive statistics of central tendency and dispersion were applied; the relationship between the vari-ables was measured with the Pearson correlation coefficient (p<,05). Results: A statistically significant positive attitude towards disability was found (p=,052); this was related to the intentions of students to engage in disability processes. It was also evidenced that women have a better attitude towards people with disabilities. However, it was found that, from the perspective of students, the university needs programs for educational inclusion. Conclusion: A positive attitude was shown to a greater extent in women. On the other hand, although the intention of helping people with disabilities is present, students do not visualize themselves with a disability. Regarding the social norm, it is notorious that there is a lack of action from university institutions, as well as programs orientated to people with disabilities.Keywords: Education; Disabilities; Inclusion; Attitude; Students.Rev. cienc. cuidad. 2022;19(3):21-31decreto 1421 del 29 de agosto de 2017, en el cual se re-glamenta la educación inclusiva y la atención educativa a la población con discapacidad. Estos dos marcos normativos permiten establecer los lineamientos y parámetros para el acceso de las per-sonas con discapacidad a la educación, repercutiendo directamente en la comunidad que los alberga en las di-námicas institucionales, que para este caso se relaciona con la educación superior. Además, se ha logrado establecer que la discapacidad no es una limitación para participar activamente en la sociedad. La restricción corresponde a las barreras que la sociedad implanta al promover la estigmatización y la exclusión, actitudes negativas que propician barreras que obstaculizan el acceso a la atención médica, la edu-cación, el empleo, los derechos cívicos y las oportuni-dades de socialización (3).

Objetivo: Identificar atitudes em relação à deficiência em estudantes universitários em Popayán, Colômbia. Material e método: Estudo de coorte transversal correlacional descri-tivo, com amostragem de conveniência aplicada a 276 alunos. Utilizou-se um instrumento validado pelo Novo-Corti et al. com um alfa de Cronbach maior que 0,75, onde três compo-nentes relacionados às atitudes dos alunos são diferenciados. No manejo estatístico, foram identificadas as normalidades dos dados e foram aplicadas estatísticas descritivas de tendên-cia central e dispersão; a relação entre as variáveis foi feita com a estatística de Pearson (p<0,05). Resultados: Verificou-se uma atitude positiva em relação à deficiência, estatistica-mente significante (p=0,052); isso foi relacionado às intenções dos alunos de se relacionarem com os processos de deficiência. Também ficou evidente que as mulheres têm uma atitude maior em relação às pessoas com deficiência. No entanto, verificou-se que, a partir da per-cepção dos universitários, a instituição carece de programas com os quais estão preparados para a inclusão educacional. Conclusão: A atitude positiva se manifestou em maior medida nas mulheres. Por outro lado, embora a intenção de ajudar pessoas com deficiência esteja pre-sente, pode-se observar que os alunos não se visualizam com deficiência. No que diz respeito à norma social, há notória falta de ações por parte das instituições universitárias, bem como programas voltados à população com deficiência

Percepción de actividad física en mujeres con artritis reumatoide en Popayán, Colombia / Perception of Physical Activity in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Popayan, Colombia

Objetivo. Identificar la percepción sobre la actividad física que tienen las mujeres con artritis reumatoide de la ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Metodología. Estudio que parte de dos enfoques: el cualitativo, de diseño fenome-nológico, cuyas técnicas de recolección de información fueron la observación y la entrevista en profundidad semiestructuradas; y el cuantitativo, con un diseño descrip-tivo de cohorte trasversal, en el que se realizó una caracterización sociodemográfica y de algunos parámetros antropométricos para los que se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. El estudio contó con la participación de 17 mujeres con una edad promedio de 48,07 años.Resultados. La población estudio, en su mayoría de los estratos 2 y 3, presentó tendencia al sobrepeso. Con relación a la parte cualitativa, se evidenciaron cuatro categorías: a) el recordatorio del médico y la fisio a que haga actividad física; b) ejer-cicio vs complicaciones físicas y funcionales; c) el conocimiento de las necesidades reales de los usuarios por parte de los gimnasios y entrenadores; d) el abandono de la actividad física como una consecuencia de la inadecuada práctica.Conclusiones. La tendencia al sobrepeso es un factor de riesgo característico para la población, lo cual, teniendo de base el componente inflamatorio de la artritis reu-matoide, puede catalogarse como una población que requiere de intervención desde la actividad física, pero desde enfoques recreativos y lúdicos que promuevan la adhe-rencia a la actividad física con la vinculación de otras áreas del saber.

Objective. To identify the perception of physical activity among women with rheu-matoid arthritis in the city of Popayan, Colombia.Methodology. A study proposed from two approaches: qualitative, with a phenom-enological design, which used observation and semi-structured in-depth interview as information collection techniques; from the quantitative approach, the design was descriptive of a cross-sectional cohort, in which a sociodemographic characteriza-tion and some anthropometric parameters were carried out, resulting in measures of central tendency and dispersion. The study included the participation of 17 women with an average age of 48.07 years old.Results. The study population, which belonged mostly to stratum 2 and 3, present-ed a tendency to be overweight. In relation to the qualitative part, four categories were evidenced: a) the reminder of the doctor and the physiotherapist to do physical activity; b) exercise vs physical and functional complications; c) knowledge of the real needs of users by gyms and trainers; d) the abandonment of physical activity because of inadequate practice.Conclusions. The tendency to be overweight is a characteristic risk factor for the population, which, based on the inflammatory component of RA, can be classified as a population that requires intervention from physical activity but from recreational and playful approaches that promote adherence to physical activity with the linking of other areas of knowledge

Erasing the extinct: the hunt for Caribbean monk seals and museum collection practices / O desaparecimento do que está extinto: a caça às focas-monge-do-caribe e as práticas de acervos museológicos

Abstract The Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis), the only seal species native to Central America, was declared extinct in 2008, with the last confirmed sighting in 1952. This species historically had a broad range throughout the gulf of Mexico. This article discusses the history of Western science on the monk seal, from its first recorded sighting by a Western colonizer in 1492 to scientific collection in the 1800s and 1900s, as a history of the erasure of this species. Museum practices of collecting and displaying Caribbean monk seals have directly contributed to this erasure, and ways of writing a new history by giving the Caribbean monk seal the capacity to refuse erasure are suggested.

Resumo A foca-monge-do-caribe (Monachus tropicalis), a única espécie de focas nativa da América Central, foi declarada extinta em 2008, tendo o último registro de avistamento confirmado em 1952. Historicamente, essa espécie ocupou vastas áreas do golfo do México. Este artigo discute a história da ciência ocidental sobre a foca-monge, desde o primeiro registro de seu avistamento por um colonizador ocidental, em 1492, até a coleção científica nos anos 1800 e 1900, como uma história de desaparecimento da espécie. As práticas museológicas de coleta e exposição de focas-monge-do-caribe contribuíram diretamente para tal desaparecimento, e aqui são sugeridas maneiras de escrever uma nova história concedendo à foca-monge-do-caribe a possibilidade de recusa ao desaparecimento.

Behaviors related to chronic non-communicable diseases development in university students

Abstract Introduction: The scientific literature has reported the trend of the impact of non- communicable diseases on public health, and therefore, the investment of resources that interfere in the development of a country. Objective: To identify the presence of specific behaviors associated with the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in university students, since they are a susceptible population to the modification of these tendencies. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on a 375 university students' sample. The stepwise method was applied to identify risk factors associated with the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used to determine possible relationships between the variables studied. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use was 7.5%, frequent alcohol consumption was 91.5%, fruit intake was 96.3%, and vegetable intake was 95%. Additionally, only 48% of the sample practiced intense physical activity. Also, a relationship among the male sex, with the consumption of tobacco and the practice of low physical activity was found. Conclusions: Behaviors associated with chronic non-communicable diseases such as alcohol and tobacco consumption were identified in university students.

Estilos de vida y cronotipo de estudiantes universitarios en Popayán-Colombia / Styles of life and chronotype of university students in Popayán-Colombia

Resumen Introducción: La vida cambiante de los universitarios proporciona modificaciones en sus estilos de vida, esto influye en aspectos de salud, al igual que en la relación entre vigilia y sueño por sus actividades académicas, lo que denota una necesidad de ser estudiada, para orientar acciones de prevención de enfermedades a futuro. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre los estilos de vida y el cronotipo de estudiantes universitarios en Popayán-Colombia. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional de cohorte transversal, realizado en la ciudad de Popayán-Colombia en una Institución de Educación Superior durante el II periodo de 2017 y I del 2018, con una población de 342 universitarios, quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión como estar matriculados durante los periodos establecidos, asistir a las evaluaciones y firmar el consentimiento informado. Mediciones principales: Variables antropométricas (peso y talla corporal, perímetro de cintura), presión arterial, cuestionario de estilos de vida PEPS-I, y cuestionario de Matutinidad-Vespertinidad De Horne y Östberg. Resultados: Se evidenció moderada asociación entre los estilos de vida y el cronotipo de los estudiantes (r=0,593; p=0,000), no obstante, la edad y el sexo son variables claves para asociaciones altas para IMC (r=0,938; p=0,004) y perímetro de cintura (r=0858; p=0,000). Conclusión: Los estilos de vida inciden en el cronotipo de los estudiantes, planteándose la necesidad de generar campañas de prevención como de promoción de la salud en esta población.

Abstract Introduction: The changing life of university students provides changes in their lifestyles, which influences health aspects, as well as the relationship between wakefulness and sleep due to their academic activities, which denotes a need to be studied, to guide actions of Disease prevention in the future. Objective: To identify the association between lifestyles and the chronotype of university students in Popayán-Colombia. Methods: Quantitative descriptive correlational study of a transversal cohort, conducted in the city of Popayán-Colombia in a Higher Education Institution during the II period of 2017 and I of 2018, with a population of 342 university students, who met the inclusion criteria how to be enrolled during the established periods, attend the evaluations and sign the informed consent. Main measurements: Anthropometric variables (body weight and height, waist circumference), blood pressure, PEPS-I lifestyle questionnaire, and Horne Y Östberg Maturity-Vespertinity questionnaire. Results: There was a moderate association between the lifestyles and the chronotype of the students (r = 0.593; p = 0.000), however, age and sex are key variables for high associations for BMI (r = 0.938; p = 0.004) and waist circumference (r = 0858; p = 0.000). Conclusions: The lifestyles affect the chronotype of the students, considering the need to generate prevention campaigns as well as health promotion in this population.

Correlación entre indicadores antropométricos y niveles de leptina en madres e hijos. Cali, Colombia, 2012-2013 / Correlation Between Anthropometric Indicators and Leptin Levels in Mothers and Children. Cali, Colombia, 2012-2013

Resumen Antecedentes: la obesidad es un factor de riesgo para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: explorar la relación entre indicadores antropométricos y niveles de leptina en un grupo de madres y en sus hijos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal en 74 binomios madre-hijo de Cali, Colombia. Se realizó caracterización sociodemográfica, evaluaciones antropométricas y leptina sérica en 56 madres y 26 niños. Se usaron coeficientes de correlación entre los indicadores antropométricos y la leptina. Resultados: las madres presentaron 35,5 % de exceso de peso, elevada grasa corporal en un 80 % y niveles de leptina de 20,5 ng/mL. Los niños tenían 20,7±2,4 meses de edad; 8,2 % de exceso de peso; 4,1 % desnutrición aguda y niveles de leptina de 1,85 ng/mL. En madres e hijos las correlaciones entre indicadores antropométricos fueron significativas y positivas, lo mismo con leptina en las madres, pero en los niños solo correlacionó débilmente con peso/talla e IMC-edad. La leptina en las madres se correlacionó débilmente con indicadores antropométricos de los niños, pero no al contrario. Conclusión: la prevalencia de exceso de peso es alta en las madres y menor en los niños. La leptina en las madres se correlaciona débilmente con indicadores antropométricos de los niños, pero no al contrario.

Abstract Background: Obesity is a risk factor for non-communicable chronic diseases. Objective: Explore the relationship between anthropometric indicators and leptin levels in a group of mothers and their children. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 74 mother-child pairs from Cali, Colombia. Sociodemographic characterization, anthropo-metric evaluations, and serum leptin measurements were performed in 56 mothers and 26 children. Correlation coefficients were used between anthropometric indicators and leptin. Results: 35.5% of mothers had excess weight, 80% had high body fat, and leptin levels of 20.5 ng/dL. The children were 20.7 ± 2.4 months old; 8.2% presented with excess weight; 4.1% had acute malnutrition, and leptin levels of 1.85 ng/dL. In mothers and children, the correlations between anthropometric indicators were significant and positive, the same with leptin in mothers, but in children leptin only correlated weakly with weight / height and BMI-age. Leptin in mothers was weakly correlated with anthropometric indicators in children, but not vice versa. Conclusion: The prevalence of excess weight was high in mothers and less so in their children. Leptin in mothers weakly correlated with anthropometric indicators in their children, but not vice versa.

Antenatal diagnosis of omphalocele and spinal dysraphism: a possible OEIS complex

OEIS complex, which comprises of omphalocele, exstrophy bladder, imperforate anus and spinal dysraphism, is a rare disorder. The prognosis depends upon the severity of the structural defects. Survival depends on the extension of the cloacal exstrophy and the neural tube defect. The antenatal diagnosis in early pregnancy is very tough, and a high level of suspicion should be kept for the possibility of its existence, even only if omphalocele and spinal dysraphism are seen on a prenatal sonography. Authors present the case of a 33-year-old, G1P0 female, who on her prenatal routine sonography scan, was found to have a fetus with omphalocele and spinal dysraphism. Despite the repeated attempts to follow her up, she refused and hence the possibility of the presence of other associated malformations could not be ascertained. Considering the difficulty of antenatal diagnosis of OEIS complex and its associated mortality, the objective of this case report is to discuss the vital sonographic findings of OEIS, along with its etiology and prognosis, which can aid in its early detection and subsequently help parents to make a decision regarding the continuation of pregnancy.