Usefulness of fecal immunochemical test and fecal calprotectin for detection of active ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ulcerative colitis undergoes periods of exacerbation and remission. Fecal calprotectin levels increase with gut inflammation and correlate with endoscopic disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Intestinal blood loss and fecal immunochemical test levels also correlate with endoscopic disease activity. This study statistically evaluated the usefulness of fecal calprotectin, fecal immunochemical test, and C-reactive protein (CRP) as markers of disease activity. METHODS: A total 106 ulcerative colitis patients who underwent endoscopy and fecal calprotectin, fecal immunochemical test, and CRP testing, from March 2015 to August 2016, were retrospectively reviewed. Disease activity was assessed using a partial Mayo score and Mayo endoscopic score. The ability of fecal and serologic tests to reflect endoscopic disease severity was statistically evaluated. RESULTS: Among 106 patients, 68 underwent endoscopy and stool study within 2 weeks. In patients with mild to severe activity, fecal immunochemical test and fecal calprotectin were superior to CRP at Mayo endoscopic score detection rate. The area under the curves of fecal immunochemical test and fecal calprotectin for the detection of Mayo endoscopic score ≥1 were 0.956 and 0.942, respectively, and were superior to that of CRP (0.756). At Mayo endoscopic score, the effects of combination of fecal immunochemical test and CRP or fecal calprotectin and CRP were found to be higher than those of the independent fecal immunochemical test or fecal calprotectin. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal immunochemical test and fecal calprotectin can effectively detect active ulcerative colitis better than remission. As these markers reflect the status of mucosal inflammation, they may reduce the requirement for invasive endoscopic examination.

Indication and Clinical Outcomes of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy: A Single-center Retrospective Analysis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is performed to provide enteral nutrition to patients who require tube-feeding support due to impaired oral intake. As life expectancy increases, the need for, and use of PEG also tend to increase. We aimed to evaluate the indications and complications of PEG insertion, and to investigate any differences in the complication group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 109 patients who received a PEG procedure between April 2011 and April 2016 in the Korea University Ansan Hospital. We reviewed the indications and complications related to PEG insertion and time interval of tube change. RESULTS: Among 109 patients who underwent a PEG procedure, 71.6% were male, and the mean age was 68.2 years. The most common indications for PEG were central nervous system diseases, including stroke (33.9%), cerebral hemorrhage (29.4%), and hypoxic brain damage (8.3%). The overall complication rate was 14.7%, and the most common complication was peristomal infection (7.3%). Most of the complications occurred within 10 days in 14 of 16 patients (87.5%). The patients with complications were older than those without complications (74.6±11.1 vs. 67.1±14.0 years, P=0.043). The mean time interval for gastrostomy tube change was 7.3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The most common indication of PEG was brain disease, and the complication rate cannot be ignored. Careful attention is needed after a PEG procedure especially in elderly patients.

Visual Fatigue Induced by Viewing a Tablet Computer with a High-resolution Display

PURPOSE: In the present study, the visual discomfort induced by smart mobile devices was assessed in normal and healthy adults. METHODS: Fifty-nine volunteers (age, 38.16 ± 10.23 years; male : female = 19 : 40) were exposed to tablet computer screen stimuli (iPad Air, Apple Inc.) for 1 hour. Participants watched a movie or played a computer game on the tablet computer. Visual fatigue and discomfort were assessed using an asthenopia questionnaire, tear film break-up time, and total ocular wavefront aberration before and after viewing smart mobile devices. RESULTS: Based on the questionnaire, viewing smart mobile devices for 1 hour significantly increased mean total asthenopia score from 19.59 ± 8.58 to 22.68 ± 9.39 (p < 0.001). Specifically, the scores for five items (tired eyes, sore/aching eyes, irritated eyes, watery eyes, and hot/burning eye) were significantly increased by viewing smart mobile devices. Tear film break-up time significantly decreased from 5.09 ± 1.52 seconds to 4.63 ± 1.34 seconds (p = 0.003). However, total ocular wavefront aberration was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Visual fatigue and discomfort were significantly induced by viewing smart mobile devices, even though the devices were equipped with state-of-the-art display technology.

Physiological Responses During the Lower Body Positive Pressure Supported Treadmill Test

OBJECTIVE: To quantify changes in cardiopulmonary function using a lower body positive pressure supported (LBPPS) treadmill during the exercise tolerance test (ETT) in healthy subjects before applying the LBPPS treadmill in patients with gait problems. METHODS: We evaluated 30 healthy subjects who were able to walk independently. The ETT was performed using the Modified Bruce Protocol (stages 1–5) at four levels (0%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) of LBPPS. The time interval at each level of the LBPPS treadmill test was 20 minutes to recover to baseline status. We measured systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, peak heart rate (PHR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), metabolic equivalents (METs), and oxygen consumption rate (VO₂) during each LBPPS condition. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure increased as the LBPPS level was increased (40% to 80%). PHR, RPE, METs, and VO₂ were negatively associated with the LBPPS condition, although they were not always significant different among the LBPPS levels. The equation from a random effect linear regression model was as follows: VO₂ (mL/kg/min)=(2.75×stage)+(–0.14×LBPPS level)+11.9 (r²=0.69). CONCLUSION: Detection of the changes in physiological parameters during a submaximal ETT using the LBPPS system may be helpful for applying the LBPPS treadmill in patients who cannot perform the ETT due to gait problems, even at submaximal intensity.

Case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Mass of Eyelid and Conjunctiva in the Early Stage

PURPOSE: To report a case of an 82-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia presenting with bilateral isolated conjunctival and eyelid masses. CASE SUMMARY: An 82-year-old male presented with a bilateral conjunctival mass and right eyelid mass occurring 10 days prior. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer 8 years ago and complete recovery was achieved using selective mass chemotherapy. He experienced a stroke 4 years ago and was treated using a carotid artery stent insertion and medication. In the initial laboratory test, hemoglobin was 13.7 g/dL and leukocyte count 5,530/mm3(neutrophil 74.4%, lymphocyte 10%, monocyte 11.8%). Light reflex, movement of extraocular muscle and fundus examination were all normal. Biopsy was performed 1 week after the first visit. Seven days after biopsy, he complained of sudden dyspnea and febrile sense and was admitted to the intensive care unit via the emergency room (ER). The laboratory tests performed in the ER showed hemoglobin was 9.6 g/dL and leukocyte count was 78,020/mm3(neutrophil 0%, lymphocyte 7%, monocyte 5%, promyelocyte 1%, metamyelocyte 4%, myelocyte 6%, blast 67%). The biopsy revealed diffuse proliferation of atypical plasmacytoid cells, consistent with leukemic infiltration. Under the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia, chemotherapy was administered. However, the patient died due to aggravated pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Even if non-specific findings appear on the peripheral blood tests, eyelid and conjunctival masses should be considered as possible tumors in acute myeloid leukemia.

Supplementary Role of Ultrasonography and Intraoperative Frozen Section Analysis in Diagnosis of Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas / 대한내분비외과학회지

PURPOSE: The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is the most common variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Preoperative diagnosis of FVPTC is often confused with cPTC, follicular neoplasm (FN), and benign follicular lesion because of the paucity of nuclear changes of PTC and overlapping features with benign and other neoplastic follicular lesions. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether ultrasonography and/or intraoperative frozen section analysis (FSA) have a supplementary role in the diagnosis of FVPTC. METHODS: Fifty-five patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed FVPTC from January 2007 to December 2013 were identified. All patients had undergone either lobectomy with/without completion thyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy. Medical records, final histological reports and sonographic (US) findings were reviewed. All sonographic images, 53 fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) slides, and FSA slides for 24 cases were available for reexamination. RESULTS: Three histologic types of FVPTC were identified: encapsulated (n=39); infiltrative (n=15); and diffuse (n=1). There were two distinct sonographic patterns: FN-type (n=28) and PTC-type (n=27). The encapsulated type is more common in the FN-like pattern, compared to the PTC-like one (85.7% vs. 55.6%, P=0.009). Among the 24 cases in which sonographic images and FNAC and FSA slides were available for review, six cases (25%) were diagnosed as either FN in FNAC and suspicious PTC(R/O PTC)/PTC in FSA or R/O PTC/PTC in FNAC and FN in FSA. Among those 24 cases described above, 13 cases (54.2%) were diagnosed as either FN-type in US and R/O PTC/PTC in FNAC/FSA or PTC-type in US and FN in FNAC/FSA. CONCLUSION: It is difficult to make a correct diagnosis of FVPTC before definitive treatment even with US, FNAC and FSA. However the possibility of FVPTC must be considered, especially when diagnoses in US, FNAC and FSA are different and include R/O PTC/PTC and FN in the same case.

An online questionnaire survey on preferred timing for the diagnosis and management of thyroid carcinoma in general population in Korea

PURPOSE: An optimal timing for diagnosis and management of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has become the subject for much controversy. The aim of the present study is to analyze people's preference in Korea for timing of diagnosis and management of PTMC using an online questionnaire. METHODS: The questionnaire consists of 3 questions about preference for the diagnosis and management of PTMC and 3 additional questions about respondents' personal information. An online survey was conducted from March 3 to June 3 in 2015 using Google Survey (http://goo.gl/forms/b81yEjqNUA). RESULTS: A total 2,308 persons (1,246 males, 1,053 females) answered the questionnaire. Respondents' ages varied widely from teenagers to 70-year-olds. If there was a suspicious thyroid nodule from PTMC measuring less than 1 cm in diameter, 95.7% of respondents want to know a cytological diagnosis for it. If a thyroid nodule turned out to be a PTMC, 59.5% of respondents wanted it removed immediately. For surgical management of PTMC, 53.0% of respondents were worried more about recurrences than complications. In subgroup analyses, respondents younger than 40 years old more often want immediate surgery than others: 66.7% vs. 32.7% (P < 0.05). Respondents who underwent thyroid cancer surgery (n = 91) were worried more about recurrences than others: 69.2% vs. 52.4% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Almost all respondents in the present study wanted diagnosis of suspicious thyroid nodules immediately. However, there were opposing opinions about the preferred timing for surgical treatment and surgical extents. A patient's right to know their disease status and decision on treatments should be emphasized all the more.

Successful Removal of a Screw Nail in the Jejunum Using Double-Balloon Enteroscopy

The vast majority of foreign bodies (FBs) that enter the stomach pass through the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously. When the FB enters the small bowel-beyond the reach of conventional endoscopy-daily radiographs are needed to ensure its safe passage. However, endoscopic intervention is an appropriate management strategy for a sharp-pointed FB, because sharp FBs have a higher risk of intestinal perforation. We describe here a case in which a 1.5-cm, sharp-pointed screw nail in the proximal jejunum was removed successfully by double-balloon enteroscopy from a 19-year-old-male with autism. This case adds to the growing body of evidence demonstrating the value of therapeutic double-balloon enteroscopy in the field of FB ingestion

A rare nonincisional lateral abdominal wall hernia

A 68-year-old woman presented a rare lateral abdominal wall hernia. Three month before admission to Chungbuk National University Hospital, she found a large protruding mass measuring 8 cm in diameter in the midaxillary line just below the costal margin upon heavy coughing. She had no history of abdominal trauma, infection, or operation previously. The mass was easily reduced manually or by position change to left lateral decubitus. CT scan showed a defect of the right transversus abdominis muscle and internal oblique muscle at the right flank with omental herniation. Its location is different from that of spigelian hernia or lumbar hernia. The peritoneal lining of the hernia sac was smooth and there was no evidence of inflammation or adhesion. The hernia was successfully repaired laparoscopically using Parietex composite mesh with an intraperitoneal onlay mesh technique. The patient was discharged uneventfully and did not show any evidence of recurrence at follow-up visits.

Coronary artery vasospasm after atrial septal defect surgery / 영남의대학술지

Coronary vasospasm is one of the fatal complications that may occur in patients undergoing open heart surgery. To date, however, there are not many cases in this series and no definite pathophysiology has been documented. We experienced a case of coronary artery vasospasm after atrial septal defect (ASD) surgery and then successfully treated it with both transbrachial intra-aortic balloon pump and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support. Only several hours after ASD surgery, the patient exhibited the cardiovascular collapse, the ST-segment elevation, followed by ventricular fibrillation and normal coronary angiography findings. It is important to make a differential diagnosis of coronary artery vasospasm in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation who had no notable coronary artery diseases. This case indicates that clinicians should be aware of the possibility that the coronary artery vasospasm may also occur in patients undergoing ASD surgery.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy Secondary to Hypothyroidism: Case Report with a Review of Literatures

To date, it has been well documented that there is a relationship between alterations in thyroid hormones and cardiac dysfunction. We experienced a case of a 36-year-old man with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) accompanied by undiagnosed primary hypothyroidism. In the current case, there was a significant improvement in the cardiac function following heart failure management and thyroid hormone replacement. Our case highlights that clinicians should consider the possibility of hypothyroidism as a cause of DCM.

Retroperitoneal Tumors Mimicking Adrenal Tumor / 대한내분비외과학회지

Periadrenal retroperitoneal tumors are frequently misdiagnosed as adrenal tumors because of its rarity and anatomical vicinity. Thus, there are only very few cases reported and little information available in the literature. Preoperative diagnoses of theses tumors are challenging. The definitive diagnosis is based on postoperative pathological findings. We report two cases of periadrenal retroperitoneal tumors that mimicked adrenal neoplasms. Final diagnoses were mature cystic teratoma and papillary renal carcinoma, respectively. Although periadrenal retroperitoneal tumors are rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas.

Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Thyroid Gland / 대한내분비외과학회지

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common histological subtype of malignant renal tumors. Although RCC frequently metastasizes to many organs, it rarely metastasizes to the thyroid gland without evidence of other organ involvement. We report a case of a metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the thyroid gland, which was misdiagnosed preoperatively as a follicular neoplasm from the fine needle aspiration cytology.

Adaptability and Preference to Korean Food with Foreigners Who Reside in Seoul, Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Korea-resident foreigners's adaptability and preference to Korean foods. The survey was carried out among 144 foreigners living in Seoul, Korea (male 57, female 87; from the East 109, from the West 35). Based on the first impression of Korean food, 'spicy', 'strong taste of seasoning', 'salty' were most common. About 90 percent of the foreigners adapted to Korean food in six months. It took more time to adapt to Korean food for Western people, compared to people from the East. Factors that influenced their adaption to Korean food were shown to be 'efforts by myself' and 'from friends'. Foreigners posited positive attitude toward Korean food according to their answers like 'nutritionally great food' and 'food with interesting ways of eating'. Westerners appeared to be more satisfied with Korean food. 'Too strong seasoning taste' and 'too sweet' were pointed out for further improvements. Beef Bulgogi, (Korean) fruit, Beef Ribs, Pork Ribs, and Grilled Pork Belly in order were foreigners' favorite foods, but Soju, Korean Sausage, Sliced Rice Cake Soup, Radish Kimchi and Vegetable Side Dishes were not. Taken together, the adaptability and preference to Korean foods to foreigners were different according to the gender and cultural background. Target marketing strategy of Korean Foods should be considered for foreign customers.

Changes in periodontium after extraction of a periodontally-involved tooth in rats

PURPOSE: Recent interest has focused on intentional replantation to restore an original tooth. Some studies have shown successful results with intentional replantation for periodontally involved teeth. For long-term success of replantation, a healthy periodontal status of the recipient site is required so that delayed replantation is more suitable for periodontally involved teeth. To reveal the ideal timing for delayed replantation of periodontally involved teeth, the healing process of extraction sockets after extraction of periodontitis-induced teeth in rats was evaluated. METHODS: Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (n=8) and test group (n=20). In the test group, periodontitis was induced by a ligature around the cervix of the mandibular first molar of all of the rats. Two weeks later, the mandibular first molars were extracted in all of the animals. The animals were sacrificed on days 0, 3, 7, and 10 after extraction and histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. RESULTS: In histological analysis of the test group, inflammatory cell infiltrate was found abundantly in the remaining periodontium 3 days after tooth extraction and decreased gradually at later time points. In immunohistochemical analysis of the test group, both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were numerous in the furcation area at each postextraction day. IL-6 was stained more heavily between 3 and 7 days after extraction; at day 10 after extraction, little staining was observed. TNF-alpha staining was more intense at 3 days after extraction and gradually weakened at later points in time. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, it takes at least 10 days to resolve periodontal inflammation in rat extraction sockets.

Microglandular Adenosis / 한국유방암학회지

Microglandular adenosis (MGA) of the breast is a very rare and benign proliferative lesion. Most patients complain of a palpable breast mass that may arouse a clinical suspicion of breast cancer. Histopathologically, it is hard to distinguish MGA from breast cancer because of the lack of a myoepithelial layer and infiltrative proliferation. Several studies have reported a strong relationship between MGA and carcinoma arising in MGA, so the mass should be excised completely in cases of MGA determined from a core needle biopsy rather than observation. A 72-years-old woman presented with a palpable breast mass. On physical examination, a mass was palpable in the right upper outer quadrant area and somewhat fixed to the surrounding tissues and pectoralis major muscle. We could not detect any mass or dense lesion on mammography because of a grade 4 dense breast. Ultrasonographic findings revealed a low echoic lesion with indistinct margins. The result of a core needle biopsy was MGA, which was confirmed by excision. We report one case of MGA, which was believed to breast cancer clinically.

Sonic Hedgehog Protein Expression in Various Thyroid Tissues and Its Clinical Implication / 대한내분비외과학회지

PURPOSE: The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is important in embryonic development including cell differentiation and proliferation. Recently, activation of this pathway has been implicated in several forms of solid cancers. We investigated sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein expression and its relation to differentiation and clinicopathologic characteristics in thyroid cancer cell lines and tissues. METHODS: FTC-236, FTC-238, and XTC-1. We made tissue microarray slides using 80 thyroid surgical specimen: 40 benign and 40 malignant lesions. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-Shh antibody. mRNA expression of NIS, thyroglobulin, and CD97 were evaluated by RT-PCR. Cyclopamine was used as a Shh signal inhibitor. RESULTS: Shh expression was more prominent in TPC-1, FTC-133, and XTC-1 cell lines than the others. Cyclopamine downregulated CD97 and upregulated thyroglobulin mRNA expression, but did not induce mRNA expression of NIS. Thyroid tissues showed varied expression of Shh in both benign and malignant diseases. Shh expression was detected in 38 of 50 (76%) normal, in 18 of 25 (72%) non-neoplastic benign, in nine of 15 (60%) benign tumors, and in 31 of 40 (77%) malignant tumors. Shh over-expression was significantly less frequent in papillary thyroid carcinomas than in normal or benign thyroid tissues. In addition, Shh protein expression did not relate to clinicopathologic characteristics in papillary thyroid carcinomas. CONCLUSION: Thyroid tissues and cell lines vary in expression of Shh. Cyclopamine can induce redifferentiation in thyroid cancer cell lines. Shh protein expression, however, is unrelated to clinicopathologic characteristics in papillary thyroid carcinomas.

Can Review of Sonographic Findings Spare Diagnostic Thyroidectomy in Patients with Thyroid Nodules Suspicious of Follicular Neoplasm Cytologically?

PURPOSE: Follicular neoplasms (FNs) such as follicular adenoma and carcinoma (FTC), nodular hyperplasia (NH) and follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC) share cytological features. In the present study, we investigate whether review of sonographic findings in patients with thyroid nodules suspicious of FN spares diagnostic thyroidectomies (DTs) by excluding benign diseases such as NH or not. METHODS: From June 1999 to May 2007, DTs were performed on 98 patients who had nodules suspicious of FN. High resolution sonographic findings are available for 53 patients. According to the final histologic diagnosis: Group I (23 patients) consisted of 20 FNs (11 FTCs), 1 Hurthle cell adenoma, 2 FVPC; Group II (30 patients) consisted of all others (23 NHs, 4 Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 3 papillary carcinomas (PTCs). Sonographic features were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Three differential sonographic findings (DSF) i.e. irregular margin, absence of peripheral halo or marked inhomogeniety were identified more often in Group II than Group I (P<0.05). If we spared DTs for patients who have at least one DSF, 18 patients (34.0%) would have been selected for clinical follow-up whose final diagnoses were 14 NHs and 4 PTCs (including 1 FVPC). Sparing DTs by DSFs shows sensitivity, 56.7%; specificity, 95.7%; positive predictive value, 94.4%; negative predictive value, 62.9%; and accuracy, 73.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with thyroid nodules suspicious of FN, sonographic findings such as irregular margin, absence of peripheral halo or marked inhomogeneity might spare DTs with the help of other diagnostic modalities such as cytogenetic or immunohistochemical studies.

Single Incision Three Ports Laparoscopic Appendectomy / 대한내시경복강경외과학회지

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is becoming popular for the treatment of acute appendicitis. The laparoscopic appendectomy has the advantages of a more rapid recovery, better cosmetic outcome and reduced postoperative pain compared to the open appendectomy. Several laparoscopic procedures have been described that used two or more trocars. We present the results of a new LA technique that performed through three ports in a single incision. METHODS: A single incision three-port LA was performed in 10 patients. Under general anesthesia, a 5 mm scope (0degrees), 2 mm working port and 5 mm working port were inserted through the umbilicus. The appendix was grasped and dissected from the surrounding tissues with a grasper or dissector. The base of the appendix was ligated with an endo-loop two times and cut by scissors. The appendix was then withdrawn through the umbilicus. RESULTS: The average operating time in our series was 69.5+/-23.3 minutes and the median time to discharge 4.5+/-1.9 days. Wound infection developed in two patients. There was no conversion to traditional LA or laparotomy. CONCLUSION: A single incision three port LA was safe and effective for LA. The availability of laparoscopic procedures has expanded the range of options available from which to choose a suitable procedure for individual cases.

Patterns of Recurrent Hernias according to the Types of Previous Hernioplasties

PURPOSE: Recently, conventional tissue repairs are gradually being replaced by tension-free hernioplasties using meshes (mesh repairs) in hernia surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate patterns of recurrent hernias according to the types of previous hernioplasties. METHODS: From August 2005 to July 2008, 18 hernioplasties were performed in recurrent cases at Chungbuk National University Hospital. All previous hernioplasties were performed at local hospitals except one case of ventral hernia. We reviewed the medical records and compared clinical features according to the types of previous hernioplasties. RESULTS: Among the 18 recurrent hernias, there were 15 inguinal including 2 pediatric cases, an umbilical, and 2 incisional hernias. Among 13 adult inguinal recurrent cases, 5 occurred after tissue repair (3 indirect, 1 direct, and 1 pantaloon type) and 8 after mesh repairs (direct type in all). Recurrence developed earlier after mesh repairs than tissue repairs (median [min~max]; 24 [0.1~164] vs. 243 [60~360] months, P=0.005). Other types of recurrence developed between 6 to 48 months after previous operations. Recurrent hernias after mesh repairs occurred preferentially along the margin of previous meshes. All cases were treated by mesh repairs except in pediatric cases. Median operation time and hospital stay for recurrent inguinal hernias were not different significantly by previous operations. Postoperative complications were minimal without recurrence during a median 5.5-(1.5~25.5)-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Recurrent hernias develop both after tissue repairs and mesh repairs. After mesh repairs, recurrences develop earlier and are more often associated with technical failure compared to tissue repairs.