Germplasm resources and secondary metabolism regulation in Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) / 中草药·英文版

Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medical macrofungus with a myriad of diverse secondary metabolites, in which triterpenoids are the major constituents. This paper introduced the germplasm resources of genus Ganoderma from textual research, its distribution and identification at the molecular level. Also we overviewed G. lucidum in the components, the biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acid, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of G. lucidum germplasm resources and the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid.

Outcomes and its influencing factors of ischemic stroke patients with lung cancer / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective:To investigate the outcomes and its influencing factors of ischemic stroke patients with lung cancer.Methods:Patients with acute ischemic stroke complicated with lung cancer admitted to the Department of Neurology, Ninghe District Hospital of Tianjin from January 2017 to December 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. The demographic and baseline clinical data were collected. The main outcome measure was the clinical outcome evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days after the onset of ischemic stroke. 0-2 was defined as a good outcome, and 3-6 was defined as a poor outcome. The secondary outcome measures were bleeding events within 90 d after the onset of ischemic stroke, including hemorrhagic transformation and hemoptysis.Results:A total of 37 patients were enrolled, including 25 males (68%) and 12 females (32%); age 72.6±8.0 years; 23 patients (62.2%) had a good outcome and 14 (37.8%) had a poor outcome. The baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and the proportions of patients with stage Ⅳ lung cancer, cerebral infarction due to other causes, moderate and severe stroke, anterior + posterior circulation cerebral infarction, bilateral cerebral infarction and multiple cerebral infarction in the poor outcome group were significantly higher than those in the good outcome group, while the proportion of patients with minor stroke, stage Ⅲ lung cancer and intravenous thrombolysis were significantly lower than those of patients with good outcomes (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the high baseline NIHSS score (odd ratio [ OR] 1.342, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.219-1.586; P=0.018], stage Ⅳ lung cancer ( OR 1.180, 95% CI 1.088-2.187; P=0.042), severe stroke ( OR 1.216, 95% CI 1.008-2.136; P=0.037) and multiple cerebral infarction ( OR 1.508, 95% CI 1.005-1.516; P<0.001) were independently associated with the poor outcomes, while intravenous thrombolytic therapy ( OR 0.572, 95% CI 0.262-0.802; P=0.001) was independently associated with the good outcomes. In addition, the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation and hemoptysis in intravenous thrombolytic patients was significantly higher than that in the non-intravenous thrombolytic patients (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Higher baseline NIHSS scores, multiple cerebral infarction and advanced lung cancer are associated with the poor outcomes in patients with lung cancer and ischemic stroke; intravenous thrombolytic therapy is associated with good outcomes, although it increased the risk of bleeding.

The application of intermttent oro-esphageal tube feeding in dementia patients with dysphagia / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical application of intermttent oro-esphageal (IOE) tube feeding in the treatment of dementia patients with dysphagia.Methods:Sixty dementia patients with dysphagia were randomly divided into an IOE group and an nasogastric tube feeding (NGT) group, each of 30. Both groups were given conventional treatment, but the group members were fed through IOE or NGT respectively. Both groups′ swallowing and nutritional condition were evaluated 24 hours after admission and 30 days after the end of the treatment. The incidence of complications within 30 days, the average hospital stay and hospitalization cost were compared between the 2 groups.Results:No significant differences were observed between the two groups in any of the measurements before the intervention. During the intervention, the number of malnourished subjects decreased and the average body mass index (BMI), albumin (ALB) level, hemoglobin (HB) level and FOIS score improved significantly in both groups. Significantly better improvements in the incidence of malnutrition and the FOIS scores was observed in the IOE group. By the 30th day the average effective swallowing rate in the IOE group (90%) was significantly higher than in the NGT group (70%).Conclusions:IOE can improve the nutrition and swallowing of dementia patients with dysphagia. It can reduce the incidence of complications, shorten hospital stays and reduce hospitalization cost.

Advances in chloroplast expression of recombinant proteins in higher plants / 生物工程学报

In recent years, gene engineering is developing rapidly and many recombinant proteins have been expressed. The use of plant bioreactor to express specific pharmaceutical proteins provides a new way for the prevention and treatment of some important diseases in human beings. Nowadays, chloroplast genetic transformation and expression system has become a research hotspot in plant bioreactor. Higher plant chloroplasts have unique advantages in the expression of recombinant proteins due to their special structures and inherited characteristics: such as high expression, site-specific integration, and the maternal inheritance characteristics of exogenous genes. The maternal inheritance of chloroplast is helpful for biological safety of transgene escaping by pollens. Many important pharmaceutical proteins have been successfully expressed in plant chloroplasts. As a chloroplast transformation model of higher plants, tobacco has made significant progress in the expression of pharmaceutical proteins, such as vaccine antigens, antibodies, and other important recombinant proteins. Chloroplast genetic transformation in higher plants also provides new techniques and methods for the study of chloroplast gene expression and regulation mechanisms. In order to provide a new idea for the development of chloroplast expression platform and the expression of important pharmaceutical proteins, this review outlined the progress of chloroplast genetic transformation system in higher plants, including the chloroplast transformation principle, vector construction, expression of recombinant proteins and important pharmaceutical proteins, and the effects of recombinant proteins expression on plant metabolism and traits.

Role of NO signal in ABA-induced phenolic acids accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots / 生物工程学报

To investigate roles of nitric oxide (NO) signal in accumulations of phenolic acids in abscisic.acid (ABA)-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots, S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots were treated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-an exogenous NO donor, for 6 days, and contents of phenolic acids in the hairy roots are determined. Then with treatment of ABA and NO scavenger (2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1- oxyl-3-oxide, c-PTIO) or NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME), contents of phenolic acids and expression levels of three key genes involved in phenolic acids biosynthesis were detected. Phenolic acids production in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots was most significantly improved by 100 µmoL/L SNP. Contents of RA and salvianolic acid B increased by 3 and 4 folds. ABA significantly improved transcript levels of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase) and RAS (rosmarinic acid synthase), and increased phenolic acids accumulations. However, with treatments of ABA+c-PTIO or ABA+L-NAME, accumulations of phenolic acids and expression levels of the three key genes were significantly inhibited. Both NO and ABA can increase accumulations of phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. NO signal probably mediates the ABA-induced phenolic acids production.

Effects of elicitors on accumulation of phenolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of a biotic elicitor fungal hyphae extract, an abiotic elicitor methyl jasmonate and their synergistic action on the accumulation of phenolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Different elicitors were added to S. miltiorrhiza hairy root, which was subcultured for 21 days, the dry weight and contents of phenolic acids and tanshinones were determined at different harvest-time.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>S. miltiorrhiza hairy root growth was significantly inhibited by all three treatments and the accumulation of cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone were promoted by each elicition. As for the accumulation of phenolic acids, there were differences between fungal elicitor and methyl jasmonate treatments, they were promoted by methyl jasmonate while inhibited in a certain extent by fungal hyphae extract.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Fungal elicitor, methyl jasmonate and their synergistic action have significant influence on accumulation of components in S. miltiorrhiza hairy root, and the effect varies between phenolic acids and tanshinones. There is no correlation between production of water-soluble ingredients and fat-soluble components on the whole under three different treatments.</p>

End point determination by HPLC chromatographic fingerprint in processing prepared Rehmannia / 中国中药杂志

To establish HPLC chromatographic fingerprints to control the quality of Chinese herbal medicine. In this study, fingerprints were established based on HPLC-DAD chromatographs. And with these fingerprints, content variations of three important active components catalpol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acteoside in Rehmannia rhizome were analyzed during processing, as well as changes of the fingerprints. Fingerprints comparing with the standard prepared Rehmannia fingerprints which came from the mean of prepared ones randomly chosen for standard was done to seek optimal processing time. The results indicated that catalpol decreased quickly as braising prolonged and almost vanished in the end. While the active component of 5-HMF increased linearly throughout the process of braising. And the content of acteoside did not show obvious change. Similarity to standard prepared Rehmannia reached summit after braising for 26 hours. So 26 hours could be considered to be the optimum time for braising prepared Rehmannia. Chromatographic fingerprint is convenient for revealing changes of constituents and for accurately controlling quality during processing prepared Rahmannia.