Comparison of the preventive effects of pretreatment of lidocaine with a tourniquet and a premixed injection of lidocaine on propofol-LCT/MCT injection pain / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Lidocaine has been used widely to prevent propofol injection pain. Various methods of administration exist, such as lidocaine premixed with propofol or lidocaine pretreatment using a tourniquet, but it is unclear which method of lidocaine administration is more effective for the prevention of injection pain of propofol LCT/MCT. The purpose of this study was to compare pretreatment of lidocaine with a tourniquet and a premixed injection of lidocaine to prevent injection pain of propofol-LCT/MCT. METHODS: Patients were randomly allocated into the pretreatment group (n = 117) or the premixed group (n = 117). The pretreatment group was pretreated with 2 ml of lidocaine 2%, held with a tourniquet, before propofol-LCT/MCT injection. The premixed group was injected with a premixed solution of propofol-LCT/MCT and 2 ml of lidocaine 2%. To evaluate the incidence and severity of pain, spontaneous verbal expressions of pain, movement of hand, frowning, and moaning were recorded, and the patients were asked to recall their pain with the visual analogue score (VAS) 30 minutes after awakening from anesthesia. RESULTS: Overall, injection pain occurred in 13.7% of the pretreatment group and 15.4% of the premixed group, without any statistical difference (P = 0.71). There was no difference in spontaneous verbal expressions of pain, movement of hand, frowning, and moaning between the two groups. The pain intensity (VAS) also showed no difference between the two groups (P = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment of lidocaine with a tourniquet showed no more benefit to prevent injection pain of propofol LCT/MCT compared to a premixed injection with lidocaine.

Comparison of dexmedetomidine and epinephrine as an adjuvant to 1% mepivacaine in brachial plexus block / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine extends the duration of nerve block when administered perineurally together with local anesthetics by central and/or peripheral action. In this study, we compared the duration of nerve block between dexmedetomidine and epinephrine as an adjuvant to 1% mepivacaine in infraclavicular brachial plexus block. METHODS: Thirty patients, scheduled for upper limb surgery were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 10 patients each. We performed brachial plexus block using a nerve stimulator. In the control group (group C), patients received 40 ml of 1% mepivacaine. In group E, patients received 40 ml of 1% mepivacaine containing 200 microg of epinephrine as an adjuvant. In group D, patients received 40 ml of 1% mepivacaine containing 1 microg/kg of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant. Sensory block duration, motor block duration, time to sense pain, and onset time were assessed. We also monitored blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and bispectral index. RESULTS: In group D and group E, sensory block duration, motor block duration and time to sense first pain were prolonged significantly compared to group C. However, there was no significant difference between group D and group E. CONCLUSIONS: Perineural 1 microg/kg of dexmedetomidine similarly prolonged nerve block duration compared to 200 microg of epinephrine, but slowed heart rate. Thus, dexmedetomidine is expected to be a good alternative as an adjuvant to local anesthesia in patients who are cautioned against epinephrine.

Pyomyositis of the iliacus muscle and pyogenic sacroiliitis after sacroiliac joint block: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Sacroiliac joint block can be performed for the diagnosis and treatment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Although sacroiliac joint block is a common procedure, complications have not been reported in detail. We report a case of iliacus pyomyositis and sacroiliac joint infection following a sacroiliac joint block. A 70-year-old female patient received sacroiliac joint blocks to relieve pelvic pain. The patient was admitted to the emergency room two days after the final sacroiliac joint block (SIJB) with the chief complaints of left pelvic pain corresponding to a visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 9 and fever. A pelvic MRI indicated a diagnosis of myositis. After 1 month of continuous antibiotic therapy, the patient's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level remained elevated. A 67Ga SPECT/CT was done. Abnormal uptake was seen at the left sacroiliac joint (SIJ), and septic sacroiliitis was suspected. The CRP normalized to 0.29 mg/dl and the ESR decreased to 60 mm/hr, and the patient had no fever after 57 days of antibiotic therapy. She was directed for follow up at an outpatient clinic.

Two cases of opioid rotation applied to patients with chronic pain / 대한마취과학회지

No abstract available.

Survey on the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia in Korea; Multicenter Study of 1,414 Patients

BACKGROUND: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a serious complication resulting from herpes zoster infections, and it can impair the quality of life. In order to relieve pain from PHN, various treatments, including pharmacological and interventional methods have been used. However, little information on the recommendations for the interventional treatment of PHN, along with a lack of nation-wide surveys on the current status of PHN treatment exists. This multicenter study is the first survey on the treatment status of PHN in Korea. METHODS: Retrospective chart reviews were conducted on the entire patients who visited the pain clinics of 11 teaching hospitals from January to December of 2011. Co-morbid disease, affected site of PHN, routes to pain clinic visits, parenteral/topical medications for treatment, drugs used for nerve block, types and frequency of nerve blocks were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 1,414 patients' medical records were reviewed. The most commonly affected site was the thoracic area. The anticonvulsants and interlaminar epidural blocks were the most frequently used pharmacological and interventional methods for PHN treatment. For the interval of epidural block, intervals of 5 or more-weeks were the most popular. The proportion of PHN patients who get information from the mass media or the internet was only 0.8%.The incidence of suspected zoster sine herpete was only 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment methods for PHN vary among hospitals. The establishment of treatment recommendation for PHN treatment is necessary. In addition, public relations activities are required in order to inform the patients of PHN treatments by pain clinicians.

Newly Developed Urinary Retention and Motor Weakness of Lower Extremities in a Postherpetic Neuralgia Patient

During the early stage of postherpetic neuralgia, an epidural block on the affected segment is helpful in controlling pain and preventing progression to a chronic state. The main neurologic complication following an epidural block is cord compression symptom due to an epidural hematoma. When neurologic complications arise from an epidural block for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, it is important to determine whether the complications are due to the procedure or due to the herpes zoster itself. We report a case of a patient who was diagnosed with herpes zoster myelitis during treatment for postherpetic neuralgia. The patient complained of motor weakness in the lower extremities after receiving a thoracic epidural block six times. Although initially, we believed that the complications were due to the epidural block, it was ultimately determined to be from the herpes zoster myelitis.

Cerebellar hemorrhage after spine fixation misdiagnosed as a complication of narcotics use: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Cerebellar hemorrhage occurs mainly due to hypertension. Postoperative cerebellar hemorrhage is known to be associated frequently with frontotemporal craniotomy, but quite rare with spine operation. A 56-year-old female received spinal fixation due to continuous leg tingling sensation for since two years ago. Twenty-one hours after operation, she was disoriented and unresponsive to voice. Performed computed tomography showed both cerebellar hemorrhage. An emergency decompressive craniotomy was carried out to remove the hematoma. On the basis of this case, we reported this complications and reviewed related literature.

Pulsatile subdural contrast image during attempted lumbar transforaminal epidural block: A case report

Transforaminal lumbar epidural block is a common procedure for the patients with back pain and radiating pain. But during the procedure, complications such as subdural or intrathecal block can occur. Because the procedure is conducted with contrast media and fluoroscopy, anesthesiologists must have deep understanding of the normal radiologic findings of epidural, subdural and intrathecal contrast images. During attempted transforaminal lumbar epidural block with fluoroscopy, we observed an unusual shaped pulsatile contrast image accidentally. Based on our experience, we report the subdural contrast image during transforaminal lumbar epidural block in radiologic aspects.

Remifentanil alleviates transient cerebral ischemia-induced memory impairment through suppression of apoptotic neuronal cell death in gerbils / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: During neurosurgical procedures, patients are often exposed to hypoxic and ischemic brain damage. Cerebral ischemia leads to neuronal cell death and eventually causes neurological impairments. Remifentanil is a new ultra-short acting phenylpiperidine opioid analgesic. In this study, we evaluated remifentanil to determine if it exerts an anti-apoptotic effect in the hippocampal dentate gyrus following transient global ischemia in gerbils. METHODS: Step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 were performed. RESULTS: The numbers of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3-positive cells in the dentate gyrus were increased by ransient global ischemia. Latency in the step-down avoidance task was increased by transient global ischemia. Results revealed that apoptotic cell death in the dentate gyrus was increased significantly following transient global ischemia, resulting in memory impairment. However, treatment with remifentanil suppressed ischemia-induced apoptosis in the dentate gyrus, thereby alleviating the memory impairment that was induced by ischemic cerebral injury. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that remifentanil may exert a neuroprotective effect on ischemic brain damage during surgery.

Assessment of the Quality of Postherpetic Neuralgia Related Korean Internet Sites

BACKGROUND: There is no assessment of internet sites that carry information on chronic pain disease. So we assessed the quality of information about postherpetic neuralgia available on Korean internet sites. METHODS: The keywords 'postherpetic neuralgia', 'herpes zoster, neuropathic pain', 'herpes zoster, pain', 'herpes zoster' were searched in Korean on four search engines in Korea between the 1st to the 15th of May, 2009. We evaluated the outcome on two factors; the aspect of the contents which is subdivided into two categories, the content and authorship, and the technical aspect including web design, and efficiency. RESULTS: A total of 26 internet sites were found. Among these sites, 6 (23%) informed by anesthesiologist. The average score of the 26 internet sites was only 37.4 +/- 20.1 out of a total of 100. A mean score of the contents was 13.3 +/- 8.3 out of 40 points, the authorship was 10.0 +/- 6.7 out of 20 points, the design was 9.2 +/- 5.3 out of 20 points, the efficiency was 6.8 +/- 4.3 out of 20 points. When comparing the score between anesthesiologist and non-anesthesiologist, the contents was 18.7 +/- 7.4 vs. 11.7 +/- 7.9, the authorship was 13.4 +/- 4.7 vs. 9.0 +/- 6.8, the design was 12.5 +/- 4.2 vs. 8.3 +/- 5.2 and the efficiency was 6.8 +/- 4.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 4.0 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for more accurate information about postherpetic neuralgia on the Korean internet by anesthesiologists.

Rhabdomyolysis following posterior lumbar interbody fusion in prone position: report 2 cases: Two cases report / 대한마취과학회지

The spine surgery performed in the prone position could cause severe complications such as visual acuity impairment, spinal infarct and rhabdomyolysis. When treating rhabdomyolysis, it is important to prevent acute renal failure from accompanying rhabdomyolysis due to the poor prognosis. We have experienced two cases of rhabdomyolysis after spine surgery where dark urine was present during spine surgery under general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists should pay attention for early diagnosis and treatment of the rhabdomyolysis developing during the spine surgery.

Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and regional cerebral oxygen saturation during the sitting position for shoulder arthroscopic surgery / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The sitting position for shoulder arthroscopic surgery can cause critical hypotension, a reduction in cerebral blood flow and possible cerebral ischemia due to decreased venous return.The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a positional change to the sitting position on the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) through ECG, invasive blood pressure monitoring and near-infrared spectrometry. METHODS: Thirty five patients of ASA class I or II undergoing shoulder surgery were chosen randomly.General anesthesia was administered with sevoflurane and a mixed gas of medical air and oxygen.The MAP, HR, rSO2 and rate of change in the rSO2 on the left and right side were measured at the following times:after induction when the MAP and HR were stabilized (baseline), 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after placing the patient in the sitting position. RESULTS: The MAP decreased significantly at 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after placing the patient in the sitting position.The HR increased significantly at 1 min and 3 min after placing the patient in the sitting position, and decreased significantly at 15 min and 20 min after placing the patient in the sitting position.The rSO2 showed a significant decrease at 5, 10, 15 and 20 min on the left side and at 10 min, 15 min and 20 min on the right side. CONCLUSIONS: The MAP and rSO2 significantly decreased after placing the patient in the sitting position but there were no neurological complications.However, close monitoring of the MAP and rSO2 is required in elderly patients or patients with cerebrovascular disease is recommended while the patient is in the sitting position in order to avoid neurological complications.

Measurement of Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Administration of Atracurium Besylate after Pretreatment with Anti-histamine Agent / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Hemodynamic changes through the histamine-induced release of atracurium are relatively common, but can be particularly dangerous in hemodynamically unstable patients. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a pretreatment with an anti-histamine agent before the administration of atracurium in the prevention of histamine-induced hemodynamic changes. METHODS: Forty-eight ASA class I and II patients were assigned to four groups. Groups 1 and 2 were assigned to receive atracurium through a bolus 0.5 mg/kg. Groups 3 and 4 were assigned to receive atracurium through a bolus 1.0 mg/kg. Group 1 and 3 were pretreated with pheniramine (H1-blocker) and ranitidine (H2-blocker) intravenously before the induction of general anesthesia. After induction, HemosonicTM 100 was installed and the following hemodynamic parameters were measured: systemic vascular resistance (SVR), cardiac index (CI), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) immediately before, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 min after the rapid administration of the atracurium bolus before the skin incision. RESULTS: Groups 1 and 3 showed more stable hemodynamics than groups 2 and 4. Group 2 showed more significant changes in the SVR, CI, BP, HR than group 1 (P< 0.05). Group 4 showed more significant changes in the SVR, CI, BP, HR than group 3, and some cases were significant hemodynamically (P< 0.05). Group 4 showed more significant changes in the SVR, CI, BP, HR than group 2 (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with an anti-histamine drug prior to the administration of atracurium can be effective in attenuating the hemodynamic responses.

Comparison of Effectiveness of Stellate Ganglion Block between Chronic Tension Headache and Chronic Migraine Patients / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The treatment for chronic headache is not simple because of the complexity of its cause and etiology. A stellate ganglion block (SGB) is normally used to treat chronic headache. This study compared the effectiveness of SGB in treating tension headache and migraine patients by evaluating its effect on pain alleviation and improving the quality of life after an 8 week treatment duration. METHODS: Forty-six patients, who experienced headache for more than 4 hours a day and more than 15 days a month and were diagnosed with chronic headache, were enrolled in this study. The patients were classified into two groups, the migraine group (MG, n = 26) and the tension headache group (TG, n = 20). The patients were treated with SGB only and the degree of pain was evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, and 4 weeks after the end of treatment. The treatment was applied twice a week during 8 weeks. The effects of these treatments in the two groups were analyzed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scores and Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). RESULTS: The VAS and BPI after 8 weeks of treatment showed significant differences compared with those of MG and TG before treatment, and there were no differences between the two groups. The VAS and BPI of the two groups, 4 weeks after the end of treatment, showed statistically significant improvement compared with those before treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The above results suggested that SGB might be an useful modality for the alleviating the pain and improving the quality of life in TG and MG patients.

A Study on Type A Behavior Pattern(TABP), Stress, Depression and HIT-6 in the Patients with Chronic Headache / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: To examine an estimate factor and grasp the relation of difference for Type A Behavior Pattern(TABP), Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Depression and HIT-6 in the Chronic headache client. METHOD: Data collected by self-reported questionnaires from 38 client in S city who were selected by criteria of IHS, from the 19th of October to 10th of December, 2004. RESULT: 1) Differences between biographical data by TABP was significant by SaSang constitutions, by Stress was significantly influenced by age, and by Depression were significantly influenced health status and SaSang constitutions. 2) Correlations Coefficients among Study Variables were Stress and Depression(r=.494, p=.002) and Depression and HIT-6(r=.432, p=.010).3) In regression analysis, HIT-6 were significantly influenced by Depression and Type A Behavior Pattern(TABP). These variables explained 38% and 34% respectively. CONCLUSION: The result suggest that chronic headache management with psychological aspect, as well as physical aspect should be a focus to enhance the quality of life.

Transient Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy after General Anesthesia in Beach Chair Position for Shoulder Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Hypoglossal nerve palsy is a rare and also a multietiological disease. Nearly half of the 12th nerve palsies were caused by tumors and only 5% followed by surgery, usually after head and neck surgery such as carotid endarterectomy. In the reported cases, complications of oral intubation, bronchoscopy and use of laryngeal mask airway can be the causes of hypoglossal nerve palsy and the positional change of neck can be the cause of nerve injury. Using the Beach chair position for arthroscopy of the shoulder has the advantages of reducing traction injuries to the brachial plexus but also the possibilities of complications such as air embolism, complete airway obstruction and nerve injury. We report a case of transient hypoglossal nerve palsy after general anesthesia, using orotracheal intubation, for shoulder arthroscopic surgery in beach chair position.

Comparison of the Effects of Propofol and Isoflurane Anesthesia on Respiratory Gas Exchange during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Introduction of a pneumoperitoneum using CO2 is accompanied by significant alterations in respiratory function and pulmonary gas exchange during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Previous studies have shown differing results concerning pulmonary gas exchange: a significant decrease of PaO2 was induced with isoflurane. In contrast, no significant changes were observed with propofol. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of propofol vs isoflurane on pulmonary gas exchange during general anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Forty patients were divided randomly between isoflurane and propofol groups. After induction of anesthesia, ventilation was controlled and intra-abdominal pressure was maintained automatically at 12 mmHg by a CO2 insufflator. After the measuring of baseline values of blood pressure, heart rate, PaO2, PaCO2 and PetCO2 before CO2 insufflation, measurements were also made immediately, 30min after CO2 insufflation and 5 min after CO2 exsufflation. RESULTS: In the isoflurane group, PaCO2, PetCO2, PaO2, and P(a-et)CO2 changed significantly 30 min after CO2 insufflation and 5 min after CO2 exsufflation (P < 0.05). In the propofol group, PaCO2 and PetCO2 increased significantly 30 min after CO2 insufflation and 5 min after CO2 exsufflation (P < 0.05), but PaO2 and P(a-et)CO2 remained constant. When the two groups were compared, there were significant differences in PaO2, PaCO2, PetCO2 and P(a-et)CO2 at 30min after CO2 insufflation and 5 min after CO2 exsufflation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that during laparoscopic cholecystectomy the PaO2 was significantly lower and PaCO2 and P(a-et)CO2 were significantly higher in the isoflurane group compared with the propofol group.

Role of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Conjunction with the Use of a Single Lumen Tube with Bronchial Blocker for Thoracic Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy has been recommended to verify the position of single lumen tubes with bronchial blockers (Univent(R) tube), but this remains controversial. The authors studied the role of a bronchoscopy for placing and monitoring bronchial blockers (BB) after blind intubation and after positioning the patient. METHODS: One hundred patients having thoracic surgery requiring a Univent tube insertion were prospectively studied. After "blind" tracheal intubations with Univent tubes, BB were advanced in the left-side mainstem bronchus for 60 patients and the right-side for 40 patients. A bronchoscopy was performed after conventional clinical verification of correct placement and after patient positioning for a thoracotomy. A BB was considered malpositioned when it had to be moved < 0.5 cm to correct its position. RESULTS: After "blind" BB intubation, clinical evidence of malpositioning was found in 5 patients. This was confirmed by fiberoptic assessment. In 95 patients in whom placement was judged correct by clinical assessment, malpositioning was detected by bronchoscopy in 39 cases. After patient positioning, BB were found to be displaced in 29 patients. Right-side BB were significantly more likely to be malpositioned than were left-side BB. CONCLUSIONS: After blind intubation and patient positioning, more than one third of BB required repositioning. A routine bronchoscopy is therefore recommended after intubation and after patient positioning.

Gabapentin for the Management of Various Neuropathic Pain Syndromes / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Anticonvulsant agents have been used and found to be effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Even though it is rare, they can have very serious side effects and therefore the search for more selective drugs with fewer side effects is justified. This study was conducted to evaluate the newly introduced anticonvulsants, gabapentin, for various neuropathic pain syndromes in the Korean population. METHODS: According to individual diagnostic group as diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, chronic back pain with radiating pain, there were 20 patients per group. Patients have been stabilized in their analgesic regimen at least four weeks prior to enrollment in the study. An anticonvulsant, if taken, was discontinued for four weeks for wash-out. Pretreatment baseline pain scores (visual analog scale and a pain intensity score) were obtained. Oral administration of gabapentin 300 mg was initiated in all groups and doses were given from 300 mg per day with gradual titration over two weeks 1) to the maximum of 2400 mg per day, 2) to the onset of intolerable side effects, and 3) to the onset of analgesic effect. At two weeks follow-up visit, visual analog scale, pain intensity scores, pain improvement scores judged by family, drug efficacy, tolerability and overall evaluation were assessed. The incidence of side effects, cell blood count and chemistry were also obtained. RESULTS: After two weeks of treatment, the visual analog scale and pain intensity scores improved in all study groups and no patients experienced aggravation. These findings were objectively reflected in pain improvement scores observed by family members. In drug efficacy, tolerability and overall evaluation, the majority of patients scored as good or excellent. There were no reports of serious side effects. Minor side effects were spontaneously subsided even with continuation. CONCLUSIONS: Gabapentin, a newer anticonvulsant, appears to be effective as an adjunctive analgesic for the management of various neuropathic pain syndromes with minimal side effects.

Incidence of Pulmonary Aspiration in Patients with Tracheostomy / 대한구급학회지

BACKGOUND: Patients with tracheostomy tubes have altered glottic closure in deglutition that may result in aspiration and may cause dangerous pulmonary complication including bronchopneumonia and atelectasis. The incidence of pulmonary aspiration in patients with tracheosomy may be high but difficult to determine because investigators often apply different criteria. The present study was prepared to document the incidence of aspiration in patients with tracheostomy using a simple dye-marker test. METHODS: Thirty six surgical and medical patients (14 male and 22 female) in ICU with tracheostomy tube (high volume, low pressure cuffed tube) were included in this study. Mental status (presence of response to verbal command), the presence of nasogastric tube and the presence of ventilatory support were recorded in each patients to evaluate the effect of these factors on the incidence of aspiration. 1% solution of methylene blue dye was applied on the both side of posterior tongue and then any evidence of the blue dye-marker obtained microscopically on secretion through the tracheostomy tube at every 2 hours during 72 hours was considered the positive evidence of aspiration. RESULTS: Aspiration was detected by a positive methylene blue dye test in 11 of the 36 patients (30.5%) and average length of time before blue dye was obtained on tracheal secretion was 8.2 7.3 hours.The presence of response to verbal command, nasogastric tube and ventilatory support had no apparent effect on the incidence of aspiration. CONCLUSIONS: This observation suggests that a simple test using dye-maker is helpful to detect aspiration in patients with tracheostomy. Tracheostomy should be done under discreet decision because the high incidence of aspiration in trcheostomized patients.