RESUMO
Aims@#Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a transition in vaginal microflora from lactobacilli to anaerobic bacteria. Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae are considered the most responsible pathogens for the etiology of BV. Colonization of male urethra with BV-associated bacteria has been rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the presence of BV-associated bacteria in the healthy male urethra in regard to sexual exposure. @*Methodology and results@#The first-catch urine specimens, representative of urethral swabs, from 114 healthy male volunteers, were included in this study. Lactobacillus spp., L. crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, L. iners, G. vaginalis, A. vaginae, Peptoniphilus spp., P. lacrimalis, BVAB2, Mageeibacillus indolicus, Megasphaera type I, Mobiluncus mulieris, Leptotrichia/Sneathia, Corynebacterium spp., and Prevotella spp. were investigated using a PCR assay. The most frequently identified BV-associated bacteria were Lactobacillus spp., Peptoniphilus spp., and G. vaginalis. There was no association between any BV-associated bacteria and sexual exposure. There was statistically significant co-occurrence of A. vaginae and G. vaginalis in the MU of subjects independently of sexual exposure (p = 0.025). Also, there was a significant association between G. vaginalis and smoking (p = 0.023). @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the co-occurrence of G. vaginalis and A. vaginae in the male urethra independently of sexual exposure.
RESUMO
To investigate the risk factors and the Candida species that cause candiduria in hospitalized patients via a case-control study. We evaluated the results of the urine analysis of the specimens sent to the laboratories of Central Microbiology and the Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Infectious Diseases of Selcuk University Medical School, Konya, Turkey between January and December 2004. The urinary specimens, sent from hospitalized patients, obtained within 72 hours were evaluated. A total of 51 patients above 17 years of age, without any bacterial growth in urine specimens, with fever above 38 degrees celcius and pyuria were included in this study. A control group of 153 patients without any bacterial growth at 72 hours after hospitalization was present. The average age of the patients, the hospitalization period, and clinics resemble each other in the 2 groups. Risk for candiduria was increased by 4 folds [p=0.001; OR=4.020] in abdominal surgery, by 1.4 folds [p=0.335; OR:1.478] in corticosteroid and immune suppressive therapies and by 12 folds [p=0.000; OR=12.408] in urinary catheterization, antibiotic use increased the risk of candiduria by 6 folds [p=0.000; OR=6.00]. The risk of candiduria was higher by 2 folds in diabetes mellitus patients than in the controls [p=0.044; OR=2.002]. Candida albicans [68.62%] was the most commonly isolated agent in candiduria patients. We should decrease the use of urinary catheters and avoid excess use of antibiotics as much as possible in hospitalized patients