[Shear bond strength of composite to primary enamel treated with CPP-ACP using total-etch and self-etch bonding systems]

By application of case in phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP] as are mineralizing agent, it may be feasible to only remove the carious dentin and better preserve the tooth structure. This study aimed to assess the shear bond strength of composite to primary enamel treated with CPP-ACP using total etch and self etch bonding systems. This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 96 sound primary teeth randomly divided into 12 groups [n=8]. Four groups were demineralized and the rest remained sound. All the specimens were subjected to pH cycling. Then, GC-Tooth Mousse was applied on their surfaces. Composite resin was bonded using Clear fil SE Bond self-etch or Single Bond total-etch bonding systems. The bond strength of the specimens was measured by Instron machine and the mode of fracture was assessed by a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA and chi-square test. In the total etch system, the bond strength of demineralized group was significantly higher than that of sound group [P=0.009].This difference in self etch system was not significant [P=0.928]. The CPP-ACP remineralizing agent decreased the bond strength in total etch and increased the bond strength in self etch group [P=0.032 and P=0.018, respectively]. No difference was observed in the mode of fracture of the two bonding systems.GC Tooth Mousse decreased the bond strength to composite in total etch and increased it in self etch group. Higher bond strength to composite can be achieved in teeth with white spot lesions when total etch system is used

Detecting forest fragmentation with morphological image processing in golestan national park in northeast of Iran

Fragmentation, or breaking apart of habitats, is one of the major causes of decline in biological diversity. Mature ecosystems, especially dense forests are very sensitive to this phenomenon and roads are one of the major causes of fragmentation in forest landscapes. Present investigation aims to trace landscape fragmentation in dense forests of Golestan national park in northeast of Iran between 1987 and 2008 by use of Landscape fragmentation tool, considering the hypothesis that presence of road in this national park is a major cause of forest fragmentation. The results of this research indicate considerable increase in deforestation, edge amount besides decrease in dense forest areas and conversion of large core areas to small and isolated patches, which can be interpreted as increase in fragmentation and less connectivity. This phenomenon can be easily traced near the existing road in Golestan national park, where edges have evolved from simple and curve lines to more complex shapes having elongated boundaries which is a sign of being influenced by anthropogenic, factors

role of health environment and location in the emergence of urban criminal behaviours in Tehran

Although, the roots of criminal behaviours clearly lie in social, economic, and cultural factors, the increase criminal offences in urban settings has raised the issue of prevention through urban environmental health, planning and design. The approach of the study was based on the scientific research methodology and indicators were compiled from observations and comparative analyses of those urban spaces that are most often the sites of crime. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that 37% of sampled males and 51% of females emphasized on effectiveness of environmental factors. The urban space observations show that the environmental and physical factors affect on security and sensation of community safety among the citizens. Crime is committed in a particular place; place-related factors play a role in creating the potential for crimes to be committed. The results show the close bond between crimes and environmental problems. Recognition of the influence of location-specific characteristics and the correct environmental response may make it possible to prevent or at least reduce criminal acts in urban places

Evaluation of hospital waste management process in Karaj's Hospitals

In this paper different a,lternatives for hospital waste disposal in Karaj are compared with respect to practicability. The objective of this study is to conduct a survey of present practices [e.g. available procedures, techniques, and methods of handling and disposing of hospital waste], and determine the generation rate of hospital wastes. The study was performed in city of Karaj. Karaj is one of the largest cities in the country. There are 11 hospitals in Karaj [8 governmental hospitals and 3 private hospitals] with a total of 1443 active beds. All the hospitals selected for surveying. Several methods were used to collect data. Survey questionnaires were distributed by the author in each hospital. These questionnaires were based on Likert style. The questionnaires contained information regarding the generation of waste and the core aspects of segregation, collection, internal and external storage, transport, treatment, and ultimate disposal. On-site inspections and interviews were conducted by the author after being authorized by hospital management. To support and supplement information collected in the survey, interviews were conducted with the managers responsible for environmental healthcare in each hospital, as well as with all levels of employees who work in collection, handling and disposal of waste within the hospital. SPSS Software program was used to analyze the collected data. One of the first and most important steps in the development of risk or cost analyses in the field of medical waste management involves understanding the generation rates and quantity of the waste that needs to be managed and treated. Waste is produced from the various activities performed in the hospitals. Domestic waste is generated from food preparation, administrative departments, housekeeping and so on. These wastes have the same composition as municipal solid waste and should be segregated correctly and dealt with by the municipal waste disposal system. Infectious waste is a byproduct of diagnostic and experimental activities and therapeutic methods such as surgery, dialysis, biopsies, injections and chemotherapy. The results of the survey indicate that in these hospitals 4505 kg solid waste is produced each day that 46.67% of them were Domestic like waste, 52% was infectious waste and 1.37% was sharp cutting materials. The mean of daily waste generation was 3.12 Kg per active bed. The Domestic like and infectious wastes were not segregated properly

[Child safety in parks' playgrounds [a case study in Tehran's sub-district parks]]

Safety is a complex concept and multidisciplinary science which is included some difference areas from industrial sectors to urban public arenas. Parks and playgrounds as important public places should be considered in terms of health and safety, especially for kids as prominent social vulnerable citizens. According to CPSC, 147 deaths have been reported for under 15 year old child during Jan 1990 to Aug 2000. Every 2.5 minute, kid suffers playground related accident. The main objective in this study is safety assessment of playgrounds among the selected parks. In this case study, deductive approach and cross-sectional survey was followed, and some parks and playgrounds were selected among five urban counties in Tehran. Our volunteered samples were 160 parents. Playgrounds and related equipment were assessed in terms of safety, as well. Our findings show that more than 68% of playground equipment might create hazardous condition for kids. Lack of sustain maintenance for both of equipment and playground surface make some risky area for the mentioned group. Statistical analysis by SPSS Win 1 3 showed that more than 78% of parents are worry about their child in terms of playground safety problems. Safety assessment of swings and slides showed that there are safety based problems in 89% of cases. Due to statistical reports of Tehran Emergency center, 10-12 and 8-10 year old kids suffer play based accident more than others. Reported traumas showed that face and skull and then feet suffered mechanical injury more than other limbs. Surely, safety and health considerations are known as Municipality responsibilities, so for safety improvement in parks an integration safety system should be happened. HSE_MS seems a reliable approach for the mention goal. For improvement of exist parks and playground some related standard should be follows such as CPSC standards, EN I 176, and EN 1177. Also anthropometric data development for child should be considered

[Survey the quality of life in Guilan university students]

The Quality of Life [QOL] is the very important concept according to its mediating role in mental health in recent years. Because of the students are the future managers, investigating the QOL among them is important. Survey the QOL in Guilan University Students. In this descriptive and analytic study 226 students who were selected by multiple stage randomized cluster sampling completed WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Data was analyzed by t-test and pearson correlation. The Findings showed that 4% of students had very good QOL, 34% had good QOL, 51% had medium level of QOL and 11% of students had low level of QOL. There was a significant difference between some dimension of QOL [medicine, somatic pain, environmental health, social care, financial resources and negative affect]. According to the results, it suggested to measure and produce health-psychological services in various situations for improvement the level of quality of students life

[IL- 12 gene polymorphism in type I diabetes mellitus]

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic ?-cells. A variety of environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of the disease. IL-12 is a cytokine secreted by different cells and plays and important role in cell-mediated immune responses and maintenance of cytokine network balance. Genetic polymorphisms in the IL-12 gene were shown to interfere with the transcriptional activity of the IL-12 gene, and this influences the production, secretion or activity of IL-12 growth factor. In this study the polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of the IL12Bgene encoding IL-12 p40 was investigated. In this case control study 75 type 1 diabetic patients who had definitely been diagnosed at least 2 years before sampling and were under Insulin therapy, recruited. A total of 88 healthy controls selected from voluntarily blood donors who had referred to IRAN Blood Transfusion Organization. DNA extracted from whole blood and polymorphism at +1188 nucleotide was assessed by SSP-PCR. Data were analyzed by SPSS, using chi- square test with 95% confidence interval. A statistical significance of AA presence [57%] at the +1188 3'-UTR position of IL-12 B gene in patients was found, after genotyping, compared to the control group[p<0.05]. Interleukin-12 [IL-12] is a key cytokine for the induction of Th1 immune responses. Polymorphism in the 3'-UTR of the IL-12 p40 gene and association with susceptibility to Diabetes type I evaluated. AA genotype was more frequent than AC and the AC more common than CC in diabetic patients. In another word, the A allele of the [A/C] polymorphism at position +1188 in the 3'-UTR found to be preferentially transmitted to people with type I diabetes.These polymorphisms may affect gene transcription of IL-12 p40, causing individual variations in cytokine production. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms, will give us the opportunities to develop new and effective therapeutic approaches