Early ambulation and dhikr complementary therapies effect on intestinal peristaltic in post-open cholecystectomy patients / Influência da deambulação precoce combinada a terapia dhikr no peristaltismo intestinal de pacientes submetidos a colecistectomia aberta / Efecto de la deambulación temprana y la terapia dhikr en el movimiento peristáltico de pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía abierta

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze and determine the effect of a combination intervention of early ambulation and dhikr therapy on intestinal peristaltic recovery in post-open cholecystectomy patients. Methods: a pre-experimental design with one group pre and post-test design was used. The samples were 15 post-open cholecystectomy patients which were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The data were collected using the instrument observation sheet and analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Early ambulation used standard operational procedure in the hospital and dhikr therapy was carried out at 2 hours post-operation for 10-15 minutes. Results: there was an effect of early ambulation and dhikr therapy on intestinal peristaltic recovery in post-open cholecystectomy patients with general anesthesia (Z=-3.442; p=0.001). Conclusions: a combination of early ambulation and dhikr therapy can be recommended as interventions to improve intestinal peristaltic in a post-open cholecystectomy patient with general anesthesia.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar e determinar o efeito de uma intervenção que combinou deambulação precoce e terapia dhikr na recuperação peristáltica intestinal de pacientes que foram sujeitos a colecistectomia aberta. Métodos: um delineamento pré-experimental foi utilizado com um grupo pré e pós-teste. As amostras incluíram 15 pacientes sujeitados a colecistectomia aberta e selecionados por amostragem intencional. Os dados foram coletados por fichas de observação do instrumento e analisados pelo teste de Wilcoxon. A deambulação precoce utilizou o procedimento operacional padrão no hospital e a terapia dhikr foi realizada por 10-15 minutos, duas horas após a operação. Resultados: a deambulação precoce associada a terapia dhikr afetou a recuperação peristáltica intestinal de pacientes que foram sujeitos a colecistectomia aberta com anestesia geral (Z=-3,442; p=0,001). Conclusões: a combinação de deambulação precoce e terapia dhikr pode ser recomendada como uma intervenção para melhorar o movimento peristáltico intestinal de pacientes após colecistectomia aberta com anestesia geral.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar y determinar el efecto de una intervención que combinó la deambulación temprana y la terapia dhikr sobre la recuperación peristáltica intestinal de pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía abierta. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño preexperimental con un grupo pretest y postest. Las muestras incluyeron 15 pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía abierta y seleccionados mediante muestreo intencional. Los datos se recopilaron por medio de fichas de observación del instrumento y se analizaron mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon. La deambulación temprana utilizó el procedimiento operativo estándar en el hospital y la terapia dhikr se realizó durante 10 a 15 minutos, dos horas después de la operación. Resultados: la deambulación temprana asociada con la terapia dhikr afectó la recuperación peristáltica intestinal de los pacientes que se sometieron a colecistectomía abierta con anestesia general (Z =-3,442; p=0,001). Conclusiones: la combinación de la deambulación temprana con la terapia dhikr puede recomendarse como una intervención para mejorar el movimiento peristáltico intestinal de los pacientes después de una colecistectomía abierta con anestesia general.

Prevalence of Oral Normal Variance in Healthy Elderly Patients: A Descriptive Study on Oral Pseudo-Lesions

Abstract Introduction The aging process in the elderly can change the condition of the oral cavity, regarding both clinical appearance and function. The oral mucosa becomes more susceptible to mechanical damage and irritant agents. Any changes in the oral mucosa, including normal variance, should be examined. This is especially true for the elderly, to improve oral health and prevent any abnormalities. Objective To describe the prevalence of oral normal variance in healthy elderly patients. Methods An observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design with total sampling conducted from March to April 2020. Results Among the 117 elderly patients who participated in this study, 58 were described as healthy without any comorbidities. From those subjects, there were 117 cases of normal variance in the oral mucosa. The three most prevalent issues were fissured tongue (93.1%), coated tongue (58.62%), and crenated tongue (27.59%). Conclusion Fissured tongue is a normal variance of the oral mucosa that is commonly found in healthy elderly patients.

Clinical manifestations and pregnancy outcomes of COVID-19 in indonesian referral hospital in central pandemic area

Objectives@#Data on the clinical manifestations and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 are limited, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations and pregnancy outcomes in COVID-19 maternal cases in a large referral hospital in Indonesia. @*Methods@#This study used a prospective cohort design and included all pregnant women with suspected COVID-19. Subjects were divided into COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups based on the results of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Clinical characteristics, laboratory results, and pregnancy outcomes were compared between the two groups. @*Results@#Of the 141 suspected maternal cases, 62 cases were COVID-19-confirmed (43.9%), while 79 suspected cases were negative (56.1%). The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings between the two groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). However, the maternal mortality directly caused by COVID-19 was significantly higher than that in the non-COVID-19 group (8.3% vs. 1.3%; P=0.044; odd ratio, 6.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-60.81). @*Conclusion@#The clinical manifestations and laboratory results of suspected pregnant women with positive and negative RT-PCR COVID-19 results were similar. However, within the Indonesian setting, COVID-19 significantly increases the risk of maternal death through both direct and indirect factors.

Serum vitamin B12 associated with vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with recurrent aphthous stomatitis / Vitamina B12 sérica asociada con vitamina D / 25 (OH) D en mujeres con estomatitis aftosa recurrente

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Current studies have showed vitamin B12 to be associated with vitamin D in women, however no study has assessed vitamin B12 associated with vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with RAS. Objective: To investigate the association between serum vitamin B12 and vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with RAS. Materials and Methods: Fourty one women with RAS who meet the inclusion criteria participated in this study. The inclusion criteria were women with RAS without other oral diseases. The exclusions criteria were those who have systemic diseases, taking medications or smoked. All subjects underwent venupuncture to draw blood to quantify serum vitamin B12 and vitamin D/25(OH)D. The characteristic of subjects, severity of RAS, serum Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D were collected and presented descriptively. The correlation between vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D was analyzed using Pearson correlation test with 95% confidence interval. This study was approved by Medical and Health Ethics Committe, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Results: All RAS subjects have normal mean value of serum Vitamin B12 (453.97+154.44pg/ml) and have low mean value of serum vitamin D/25(OH)D (10.79 +3.29ng/ml) categorized as vitamin D deficiency. The Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significant positive correlation between mean serum Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D (r= 0.313, p<0.05). Conclusion: There is correlation between vitamin B12 and Vitamin D, and a low level of Vitamin D may contribute in RAS in women.

Antecedentes: la deficiencia de vitamina B12 y vitamina D puede contribuir a la estomatitis aftosa recurrente (EAR). Los estudios actuales han demostrado que la vitamina B12 está asociada con la vitamina D en mujeres, sin embargo, ningún estudio ha evaluado la vitamina B12 asociada con la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en mujeres con EAR. Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D / 25 (OH) D sérica en mujeres con RAS. Material y Métodos: Cuarenta y una mujeres con RAS que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión participaron en este estudio. Los criterios de inclusión fueron mujeres con RAS y sin otras enfermedades orales. Los criterios de exclusión fueron aquellos que tenían enfermedades sistémicas, tomaban medicamentos o fumaban. Todos los sujetos se sometieron a una venupuntura para extraer sangre para cuantificar la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en suero. Las características de los sujetos, la severidad del EAR, la concentración de vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D sérica fueron recolectadas y presentadas descriptivamente. La correlación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D se analizó mediante la prueba de correlación de Pearson con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética Médica y de Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Resultado: Todos los sujetos con EAR tienen un valor medio normal de vitamina B12 sérica (453,97pg/ml + 154,44pg/ml) y un valor medio bajo de vitamina D sérica/25 (OH) D (10,79 ng/ml + 3,29ng/ml) clasificado como deficiencia de vitamina D. La prueba de correlación de Pearson mostró que había una correlación positiva significativa entre la vitamina B12 media y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en suero r=0.313, p<0.05). Conclusión: Existe una correlación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D, y un bajo nivel de vitamina D puede contribuir al RAS en las mujeres.

The Effectiveness of Qur’an Recitation Therapy and Aromatherapy on Cancer Patients’ Stress Level in Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda, Indonesia

@#Introduction: Cancer is a disease that not only causes physical trauma but also affects mental health. Feelings of anxiety and fear of undergoing therapy can trigger stress that causes cancer to get worsened. Qur’an recitation therapy and aromatherapy are considered to have two positive effects that can reduce stress levels in patients. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Qur’an recitation on reducing stress levels in cancer patients. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental research with one group of pre-test and post-test without control design on 50 cancer patients in the chemotherapy unit of Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital. Interventions are in the form of three therapy sessions of Qur’an recitation and aromatherapy, 30 minutes for each session. Measurements were carried out 4 times, one pretest and three post-tests using questionnaires adapted from DASS. Data then were analyzed using the Friedman Test. Results: There is a decrease stress level in the four groups of measurement time intervals (p <0.0001; χ2 = 143.383> 7.815). These results indicate that Qur’an recitation therapy and aromatherapy may be effective in lowering cancer patients’ stress levels. Conclusion: Hospital is recommended to facilitate cancer patients to access complementary and alternative medicine such as Qur’an recitation therapy and aromatherapy.

Oral Candidiasis in Immunosuppressed Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Post Dexamethasone Injection at 7. 2 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg Doses / Candidíase oral em ratos Wistar imunossuprimidos (Rattus norvegicus) pós-injeção de dexametasona com doses de 7, 2 mg / kg e 16 mg / kg

Objective: Oral candidiasis is an infection that occurs in the oral cavity and is caused by candida species, often Candida albicans. This infection commonly occurs in a condition of immunosuppression caused by dexamethasone. Due to the side effects of antifungal therapy, developing a standardized immunosuppressed animal model to induce oral candidiasis for new therapies is required. The aim of this study is to observe oral candidiasis in immunosuppressed Wistar rats post dexamethasone injection at 7.2 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg doses. Material and Methods: Twenty-one Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group, treatment group 1 (injected with dexamethasone at a concentration of 7.2 mg/kg), and treatment group 2 (at a concentration of 16 mg/kg) for five days. Immunosuppression status was observed by leukocyte count and all the subjects' palates were inoculated with C. albicans 0.1 ml of 15x108 UFC/ml 24 hours later. The subjects' tongues were observed and confirmed by laboratory examination on day 10. A statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA, Kruskal­Wallis, Tukey HSD, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: A significant clinical appearance of the subjects' tongues was observed only between C and T1 (p=0.023; p<0.05). Significant hyphal formation was observed between C and T1 (p= 0.037; p<0.05) and between C and T2 (p=0.007; p<0.05), and no significant difference was observed between T1 and T2. A significant increase in the colony count was also observed in similar results. Conclusion: Dexamethasone injection at doses of 7.2 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg is effective in triggering immunosuppression to induce oral candidiasis in immunosuppressed Wistar rats. (AU)

Candidíase oral é uma infecção que ocorre na cavidade oral e é causada por espécies de Candida, freqüentemente Candida albicans. Esta infecção geralmente ocorre em uma condição de imunossupressão causada por dexametasona. Devido aos efeitos colaterais de terapia antifúngica, o desenvolvimento de um padrão de modelo animal imunossuprimido para induzir candidíase oral para testar novas terapias se faz necessário. O objetivo deste estudo é observar candidíase oral em ratos Wistar imunossuprimidos pós-injeção de dexametasona utilizando doses de 7,2 mg /kg e 16 mg / kg. Material e métodos: Vinte e um ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: grupo controle, tratamento grupo 1 (injetado com dexametasona na concentração de 7,2 mg / kg), e tratamento grupo 2 (concentração de 16 mg / kg) por cinco dias. A imunossupressão foi observada pela contagem de leucócitos e todos os palatos dos animais foram inoculados com C. albicans 0,1 ml de 15x108 UFC / ml após 24horas. As línguas dos animais foram observadas e confirmadas por exame laboratorial após 10 dias. A análise estatística foi realizada usando os testes de ANOVA um fator, kruskal ­ Wallis, Tukey HSD e de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Significante diferença na aparência clínica da língua dos animais foi observada apenas entre C e T1 (p = 0,023; p <0,05). Significativa diferença na formação de hifas foi observada entre C e T1(p = 0,037; p <0,05) e entre C e T2 (p = 0,007; p <0,05), e nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada entre T1 e T2. Um aumento significativo na contagem de colônias foi também observado com resultados semelhantes. Conclusão: Injeção de dexametasona utilizando doses de 7,2 mg / kg e 16 mg / kg é eficaz no desencadeamento da imunossupressão para induzir candidíase oral em ratos Wistar imunossuprimidos. (AU)

Oral Ulcer Healing after Treatment with Distilled Liquid Smoke of Coconut Shell on Diabetic Rats

Background: Distilled liquid smoke from coconut shell(Cocos nucifera L.) by pyrolysis process with final0 0temperature 400 C and then distilled in 120-150 C. Thecharacteristics of distilled liquid smoke are yellow3liquid, with acidity 2.39 and density 1.0643 g/cm . Themajor identified compounds arephenol (36.6%), 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) (25.2%), furfural (17.8%),2-methoxy-5-methylphenol (5.2%) and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (EMP) (3.5%) with 28 other minorconstituents by GCMS. Aim and Objectives: Distilledliquid smoke was examined to investigate its potentialtherapeutic to oral ulcer healing and diabetic conditionon the rat. Furthermore, the clinical oral ulcer healingwas evaluated based on ulcer size and diabetic wasevaluated based on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) andbody weight changes. Material and Methods: Diabeteswas induced by alloxan. Seventy-two hours afterinjection, the diabetic condition was confirmed withFBG of >200mg/dl, then the labial fornix anterior wasinjured to induce oral ulcer using round steel blade.Results: The clinical oral ulcer healing was improvedafter treatment with distillated liquid smoke comparedto benzydamine hydrochloride and aquadest sterile forthree days (p=0.005) and seven days (p=0.000).Treatment for seven days with distilled liquid smokeshowed significant improvement of the body masschanges compared to benzydamine hydrochloride(p=0.008) and aquadest sterile (p=0.002). There wasno improvement of FBG after treatment with distilledliquid smoke (p=0.152). Conclusion: Treatment withdistilled liquid smoke coconut shell can improved oralulcer healing and body weight changes, but not FBGchanges

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients in Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Population aged 60 years old and above are growing in number; a fact that will have an impact on general and oral health in the future. Oral health is often overlooked in the management of geriatric patients but it is vital to have a knowledged-based practice in order to increase the quality of life of elderly patients.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> The purpose of this study is to determine the number and types of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients who come to the Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> This is an observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed on geriatric patients coming to the hospital between March and December 2018.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> One hundred twenty-four (124) new geriatric patients came to the hospital. A total of 152 oral lesions from 63 geriatric patients (50.81%) were identified.  Overall, coated tongue (55.56%) was the most frequently detected lesion, followed by linea alba buccalis (31.74%) and lingual varicosities (26.98%).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Coated tongue or white tongue is the most frequently detected oral mucosal lesion, often caused by poor oral hygiene. The dentist should be able to recognize and differentiate them from the worrisome lesions and decide on the appropriate treatment in geriatric patients.</p>

Regeneration of Salivary Gland Defects of Diabetic Wistar Rats Post Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Intraglandular Transplantation on Acinar Cell Vacuolization and Interleukin-10 Serum Level

Abstract Objective: To investigate the regeneration of rat's salivary gland diabetic defect after intraglandular transplantation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (HDPSCs) on acinar cell vacuolization and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Material and Methods: HDPSCs isolated from the dental pulp of first premolars #34. HDPSCs from the 3rd passage was characterized by immunocytochemistry of CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD45. Twenty-four male Wistar rats, 3-month-old, 250-300 grams induced with Streptozotocin 30 mg/kg body weight to create diabetes mellitus (DM) divided into 4 groups (n=6); positive control group on Day-7; positive control group on Day-14; treatment group Day-7 (DM+5.105HDPSCs); treatment group on Day-14. On Day-7 and Day-14, rats were sacrificed. Histopathological examination performed to analyze acinar cells vacuolization while Enzyme-linked Immunoabsorbent Assay to measure IL-10 serum level. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using multiple comparisons Bonferroni test, Kruskal Wallis, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's test result Results: The highest acinar cell vacuolization found in control group Day 14 (0.239 ± 0.132), meanwhile the lowest acinar cell vacuolization found in treatment group Day 7 (0.019 ± 0.035) with significant difference (p=0.003). The highest IL-10 serum level found in treatment group Day 14 (175.583 ± 120.075) with significant difference (p=0.001) Conclusion: Transplantation of HDPSC was able to regenerate submandibular salivary gland defects in diabetic rats by decreasing acinar cell vacuolization and slightly increase IL-10 serum level.

Correlation of Low CD4+ Counts with High Dental Caries Prevalence in Children Living with Perinatal HIV/AIDS Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy

Abstract Objective: To investigate the correlation Cluster of Differentiation 4+ (CD4+) counts with a high prevalence of dental caries in Children Living with Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (CLWPHA). Material and Methods: An analytical observational research with a cross-sectional design was conducted at Tertiary General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Randomized total sampling consisted of 29 CLWPHA 1-12 years old at outpatient ward Infectious Disease Intermediate Unit (UPIPI) Tertiary General Hospital Doctor Soetomo Surabaya. Demographic details and recent CD4+ counts obtained from medical records. Decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) in primary teeth and DMFT in permanent teeth index were used. Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation test (p<0.05) were performed Results: Dental caries prevalence was 86.2%; meanwhile, the dmft/DMFT index score found were high (8.2 / 6.3). CD4+ count and caries showed significant correlation (r=-0.394, p<0.05). Tooth brushing frequency with caries showed a significant correlation (r=-0.419, p<0.05). Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and caries showed an insignificant negative correlation (p<0.05) Conclusion: The high prevalence of dental caries in CLWPHA correlated with low CD4+ counts.

Fortifying Cooking Oil with Vitamin A in Two Rural Districts of Indonesia: Impact on Vitamin A Status of Mothers and Children.

Objectives: To measure impact of fortifying unbranded palm oil with retinyl palmitate on vitamin A status in poor households through two surveys, just before fortification started (four months after the twice-yearly vitamin A capsule supplementation for children 6-59 months) and a year later. Methods: 24 villages from a pilot area on West Java were randomly selected, and poor families sampled. Serum retinol (adjusted for sub-clinical infections) was analyzed in lactating mothers and their infants 6-11 months, children 12-59 months and 5-9 years and women 15-29 years, in relation to socio-economic conditions, oil consumption, and food intake. Fortified oil was sold through existing market channels. Results: Fortified oil improved vitamin A intakes, contributing an estimated 34%, 77%, 55%, 42%, 50% of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for children 12-23 months, 24-59 months, 5-9 years, lactating and non-lactating women, respectively. Serum retinol increased by 13-17% across groups (p<0.02 except in 12-23 months). Deficiency prevalence (retinol <20 mg/dL) decreased by 67%, 64%, 96%, 89%, 79%, and 89% in infants 6-11 months, children 12-23 months, 24-59 months, 5-9 years, lactating and non-lactating women (p<0.011, all groups). Households' non-food expenditures, housing conditions and capital assets also improved from baseline to endline. However, in multivariate regressions, socio-economic variables did not independently influence retinol status, whereas RNI contributions from oil positively predicted improving retinol for children 6-59 months (p=0.003) and 5-9 years (p=0.03). Conclusions: Fortification of cooking oil proved an effective way to reduce the vitamin A intake gap in underprivileged women and children in rural communities.

Synthesis of Methyl 2-Cinnamamido-3-Hydroxy Propanoate Having Activity against P388 Leukemia Cells.

Cinnamic acid derivative compound was investigated for the anti-cancer inhibitory activity. To be able to obtain compounds that have bioactivity as above, it is needed to study quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) which is the process by which the chemical structure is quantitatively correlated with biological activity/chemical reactivity. Chemical methods used in synthesizing the chemical of methyl trans-cinnamate derivatives are tailored to match their targeted bioactivities. Here, we investigated the anti-cancer inhibitor compound with the method amidation of cinnamic acid derivative compounds. In this reaction we use two steps to get the target product. Firstly, we hydrolize of methyl trans-cinnamate to cinnamic acid. That reaction has a yield 85.5 % and secondly, we amidate of cinnamic acid to metil 2-cinnamamido-3-hydroxy propanoate has a yield of 51.5%. The compound of metil 2-cinnamamido-3-hydroxy propanoate showed against P388 leukemia cells inhibitory activity with IC50 = 10.78 μg/mL.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0 against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0(PGV-0) against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats.@*METHODS@#The groups of animals were administered with PGV-0 at the doses 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg b.w., p.o. once in a day for 6 days and at day 7 the animals were administrated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl) (20%, 2 mL/kg b.w. in liquid paraffin (i.p.). The effect of PGV-0 on serum transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphates (ALP) and total bilirubin were determined in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Further, the effects of PGV-0 on glutathione (GSH) content, catalase (CAT) and NO free radical scavenging activity also were investigated.@*RESULTS@#The results demonstrated that PGV-0 significantly reduced the activity of SGPT, serum ALP and total bilirubin in CCl4 induced rat hepatotoxicity. PGV-0 has effect on the antioxidant and free radical defense system. It prevented the depletion level of GSH and decrease activity of CAT in CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. PGV-0 also demonstrated the free radical scavenger effects on NO free radical scavenging activity with ES value of 32.32 μM.@*CONCLUSION@#All of our findings suggests that PGV-0 could protect the liver cells from CCl4-induced liver damages and the mechanism may through the antioxidative effect of PGV-0 to prevent the accumulation of free radicals and protect the liver damage.

Serum folate levels among healthy infants aged 6–8 months: relation to infants’ nutritional status indicators and maternal knowledge-attitude-practice.

Background: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can cause anemia which may lead growth and development impairments. This study was aimed to determine serum folate levels among infants aged 6–8 months and the relation to infants’ nutritional indicators and maternal knowledge-attitude-practice about infant feeding. Methods: A cross–sectional design was implemented in infants aged 6–8 months and their mothers as respondents who met the study criteria. Data collected among the infants included sex, age, length, weight, intake of energy, protein and folate (based on a one–month semi–quantitative FFQ and a 24–hour food recall), serum folate and hemoglobin levels. Data collected among the mothers included age, education level, income based on average minimum monthly wage, knowledge, attitude and behavior concerning infant’s feeding, i.e. breast milk and complementary feeding practices. Results: This study found that the median of serum folate levels was 43.05 nmol/L with values ranging from 19.92 nmol/L to 104.24 nmol/L. Serum folate level had a strong positive correlation with its related factors, protein and folate intake. Conclusions: Protein-folate–rich complementay food should be provided to infants aged 6 months and over to maintain serum folate level.