RESUMO
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of pain relief of Sucralfate and lidocain: antacid 50:50 solution in post esophageal variceal band ligation pain
Methods: All patients who had under gone Esophageal Variceal Band Ligation [EVBL] were included in the study. Patients un-willing to be included in the study or those who didn't have post EVBL pain were excluded. Patients with post EVBL pains were divided into two groups: one group was given sucralfate and other was given lidocaine: antacid 50:50 solution. Both were inquired about the duration of the pain relief after the medication. The results were analyzed on SPSS 23. Independent samples T-test was performed to find out whether the difference in duration of pain relief was significantly different in the two groups
Results: Out of 110 patients who have EVBL, 66[60.00%] had pain and 44[40.00%] were pain free. In the pain group 46 [69.7%] were given sucralfate and 20 [30.3%] were given lidocain: antacid 50:50 solution. Mean duration of pain relief in two groups was 2.78 [SD +/- 2.096] and 2.5 days [SD +/- 0.76] respectively. Independent samples T-test results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the duration of pain relief between these two groups with p value 0.426
Conclusion: Both Sucralfate and Lidocain: antacid 50:50 solutions are effective in relieving the post EVBL pain. However, no statistically significant difference in duration of pain relief was detected in separate groups of patients treated with either treatment
RESUMO
Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice [KAP] regarding elderly age health problems among adults of Rawalpindi
Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Airport Housing Society Rawalpindi from July 2011 to Nov 2011
Material and Methods: A total of 200 households of age 50-59 years were included in the study by convenient sampling technique [115 males and 85 females]. Adult population of the age 50-59 years with physical and mental disabilities were excluded from the study. Data collected after taking informed consent was analyzed by SPSS 17
Results: Mean age of respondents was 54.78 +/- 3.41 years. Knowledge regarding age limit of senior citizens was 140 [70%]. A total of 174 [87%] knew about increased incidence of fall with increasing age but only 53 [26.5%] did any practical change. About 152 [76%] considered that prior knowledge about geriatric age problems can help plan for old age; efforts to get information about elderly age problems were reported by 170 [85%]. There was a significant association between level of knowledge and efforts to stay healthy [p<.001]. The difference between level of knowledge of males and females was significant [p=.007]
Conclusion: Prior knowledge among residents of the society was found to be a more preferred option to give people information about optimal aging, but this should be started at a much earlier time by facilitating information, to restore physical health to have a healthy and functional elderly individual in the society
RESUMO
To determine the frequency of microbiological contamination of water in different water filtration plants in Islamabad. Descriptive cross-sectional study. Water Filtration Plants [WFP] in different sectors of Islamabad, from April to September 2012. Water samples were collected in sterilized bottles according to the standard water sampling protocol fromsite and transported to Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources [PCRWR] for analysis. Microbiological quality of water was determined in terms of total conforms [< 2.0 MPN/100 ml] and Escherichia coli [< 2.0 MPN/100 ml]. Microbiological contaminated water was defined the sample which had more than 2.0 MPN per 100 ml of either total coliforms or Escherichia [E.] coli. Thirty two WFP were analyzed for microbiological contamination. E. coli was present in 8 [25.0%] water samples, while 24 [75.0%] water samples were free from it. Total coliforms were present in 13 [40.6%] of the samples of WFP, while 19 [59.3%] samples were free from total coliform. Faecal coliforms were present in 8 [25.0%] and absent in 24 [75.0%] samples. Both E. coli and total coliform were present in 8 [25.0%] samples. Nine [59.3] WFP were free from E. coli, total coliform and faecal coliform. Statistically, no significant association was found [p > 0.05] between microbiological contamination and the sectors. Less than half of the water samples of the WFP were contaminated while certain sectors showed more frequent contamination than others
RESUMO
Exposure of passive smoking and second hand smoke [SHS] exposure in teenage group results in precipitation of several symptoms. Five hundred teenagers between ages of 13 - 19 studying in Army Public School and College Westridge, Rawalpindi, were selected for descriptive cross-sectional study from September 2012 till February 2013. Out of the total 500, 279 [55.8%] were exposed to passive smoking while 221 [44.2%] were not exposed to passive smoking. Out of the exposed 279 [55.8%] students, males were 132 [47.3%] and females were 147 [52.7%] with mean age of 15.06 +/- 1.805 years. After exposure to SHS, multiple responses were observed. Statistical significant association was found between symptoms precipitation and exposure to SHS. Nose irritation was present in 84, while 195 did not complain of it [p = 0.002]. Allergic symptoms were precipitated with SHS in 42, while not in 21 students [p < 0.001]. Asthma attack was precipitated in 38, while 241 did not experience precipitation of asthma attack [p < 0.001]. More cough was present in 168, while not in 111 students [p = 0.037]. Nausea was present in 41, while not in 238 [p < 0.001]. Nose irritation was seen in 84 and not in 195 students [p = 0.002]. More than half of the teenagers had exposure to passive smoking. Statistical significant association was found between passive smoking exposure and precipitation of symptoms