Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Black Tea Extract Mouthrinse and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Load

Background- Dental caries is one of the most frequent oral health problems. The present study shows the antibacterial effect of black tea extract on salivary Sterptococcus Mutans load. Materials & Methods- The study was conducted on 125 individuals. The differences in the Colony Forming Units and count-scores of S.mutans were analyzed in salivary samples collected from individuals before and after administration of 2% black tea extract mouth-rinse and chlorhexidine mouthwash(CM). Results- There was a statistical difference in mean salivary S. mutans colony count and mean count- score before and after administration of black tea extract mouth-rinse (p = 0.0003) and chlorhexidine mouthwash (p = 0.0002) respectively. Hence, it was found that there is no statistically significant difference in the fall of S.mutans load due to black tea mouth-rinse and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Conclusions- A 2% black tea extract mouth-rinse significantly reduces salivary S.mutans load, irrespective of age and gender. Also, it is an effective natural anti-cariogenic agent with no known implicated side effects.

Oral Submucous Fibrosis: Clinical Stage, Functional Stage, and Histopathological Grade Correlation

Background- Oral submucosal fibrosis (OSMF) is a common precancerous condition predominantly affecting the oral cavity. There are several contributing factors to its pathogenesis, areca nut chewing being the primary culprit. OSMF reversal is difficult once the disease sets in. Hence, after its diagnosis, staging becomes imperative as it affects the treatment plan. Several classification methods have been developed by various authors to categorize the disease based on its clinical, functional, and Histopathological characteristics. The main aim to conduct this study was to correlate clinical and histopathological staging. Materials & Methods- This study involved 30 patients who had been diagnosed with OSMF both Clinically and Histopathologically. All 30 patients were classified and were categorized according to their clinical and functional stages after inspection. Following this, histopathological grading was done. Results- The statistical analysis showed that there was a wide similarity between the clinical and functional staging. However, no significant similarity or correlation was found between the clinical and functional staging with its corresponding histopathological grades. Conclusions- Our study concluded that there is strong correlation between clinical and functional grading.

A rare case of sarcoid-like reaction of lymph nodes associated with squamous cell carcinoma of alveolar mucosa.

Non-necrotizing granulomas are occasionally seen in patients with certain malignant disorders and are termed as "sarcoid-like reaction," which have many similarities with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by organ involvement and interference of organ function by granuloma or fibrosis. Sarcoidosis is occasionally found in a variety of malignant diseases with an overall incidence of 4.4% in carcinoma patients. We present here a rare case of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of alveolar mucosa with regard to mandible associated with sarcoid-like reaction of cervical lymph nodes in a female patient in the absence of clinical evidence of systemic sarcoidosis. The relevant literature including pathogenesis is also discussed.

Desmoplastic ameloblastoma in Indians: report of five cases and review of literature.

In the recent World Health Organization classification of odontogenic tumours, desmoplastic ameloblastoma has been characterized as a variant of ameloblastoma, with specific clinical, radiographical, and histological features. Till date, 145 cases have been reported in Japanese, Chinese, Malaysian, Western, and African populations, with very few cases described in Indians. Here, we report five cases in the Indian population. The male to female ratio was 3:2. The mean age at diagnosis was 33.2 years. Four of the tumours were located in the maxilla, in the anterior premolar region. The lone mandibular tumour was located anteriorly, crossing the midline. Three of the tumours had a mixed radiologic appearance with poorly defined borders. Unilocular change was seen in one of them. Two tumours presented as unilocular radiolucencies with specks of radiopacities and well-circumscribed borders. Histologically, irregular odontogenic islands, with a stretched-out 'kite-tail' appearance, were seen in a dense desmoplastic stroma. The peripheral layer of the epithelial islands was made up of flattened cells and the inner core was made up of spindle-shaped and, in some instances, squamous-shaped cells. In two cases, odontogenic epithelium in the form of follicles, typical of solid/multicystic ameloblastoma, was seen and these were typed as 'hybrid' variants. All the cases were treated by resection.

Eruption age of permanent mandibular first molars and central incisors in the south Indian population.

OBJECTIVE: The existing eruption schedules for permanent and deciduous dentition are based on studies in the Western population. Since Indians differ from Westerners racially, genetically, and environmentally, these studies fail to provide relevant guidance on the eruption schedule in the Indian population. This study aims at determining the eruption pattern of permanent mandibular molars and central incisors in the south Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 10,156 apparently healthy Indian children in the age-group of 6-9 years were examined with mouth mirror and probe under adequate illumination for the status of the eruption of the permanent mandibular first molar and permanent mandibular central incisor. Pearson's Chi-square test with Yates' continuity correction was used to calculate the P -value for comparison of proportion between girls and boys. The values obtained in our study were compared with the standard values. The Z-test with continuity correction was used to calculate the P -value. RESULTS: As per our study, the permanent mandibular first molars and central incisors erupted one to two years later compared to the values reported in Westerners. The earlier eruption of the permanent mandibular first molars compared to the permanent mandibular central incisors, as well as the earlier eruption of both the teeth in girls compared to boys, were in accordance with the existing literature. CONCLUSION: The eruption age reported by us may form a standard reference for eruption age in Indians.

Unicystic ameloblastoma with the presence of dentin.

We present a case of unicystic ameloblastoma of the posterior mandible in a 28 year-old female, histologically showing luminal and intramural plexiform epithelial proliferation with typical dentin in the connective tissue capsule. The characteristics of hard tissue formation in ameloblastomas reported in existing literature and the possible origin of the dentin mass seen in our case are discussed.

Cardioplegia retrógrada seqüencial / Sequencial retrograde cardioplegy

Estudou-se o padrao de distribuiçao miocárdica de soluçao cardioplégica (SC) cristalóide gelada (3 graus Celsius - 4 graus Celsius) perfundida nos coraçoes de 15 caes mestiços com pesos variáveis entre 10-15 kg. Após anestesia e toracotomia mediana anterior, o pericárdio foi aberto, sendo estabelecida circulaçao extracorpórea. As seguintes vias foram empregadas para injeçao cardioplégica: 1) Anterógrada - por canulaçao da aorta ascendente a montante da pinça de oclusao; 2) Retrógrada Seletiva - através de cânula com balao auto-inflável introduzido no seio coronário (SCo); 3) Retrógrada Total - através de cânula introduzida no átrio direito (AD); 4) Retrógrada Seqüencial SCo-AD - com a SC injetada primeiro pelo seio coronário até a temperatura do septo interventricular atingir l6 graus Celsius e, em seqüência, pela cânula no átrio direito como na técnica retrógrada total, com o tronco arterial pulmonar ocluído; 5)Retrógrada Seqüencial SCo-VD - com a cavidade do ventrículo direito perfundida por cânula passada através da valva tricúspide. Controlou-se a variaçao da temperatura miocárdica no ventrículo esquerdo, VD, AD e regiao do no sinoatrial, por meio de teletermômetro Omega com termistor de agulha. Pode-se constatar que o esfriamento cardíaco uniforme, o menor volume e o menor tempo de injeçao ocorreram com a técnica anterógrada, seguida em excelência pelas técnicas retrógradas seqüenciais SCo-AD e SCo-VD. Concluiu-se que a técnica de cardioplegia retrógrada seqüencial é significantemente melhor que as retrógradas seletivas pelo SCo e total pelo AD, como usualmente empregadas para proteçao miocárdica, quando comparadas com a técnica de perfusao anterógrada pela aorta.