Nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease in Iran: a narrative review

Background: Chronic kidney disease [CKD] is a progressive condition that affects many aspects of patient's life with adverse outcomes of kidney failure, cardiovascular disease [CVD], and premature death. Malnutrition is a relatively common problem in these patients that may be the result of inadequate intake, increased catabolism, or loss of nutrients in the dialysis. The aim of this study was to review the nutritional status and requirements of CKD patients in Iran using previous studies

Methods: Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Google scholar, Magiran, and scientific information database [SID] were applied with keywords such as chronic kidney disease, malnutrition, renal disease, end stage renal disease, nutritional deficiency, malnutrition, quality of life, vitamin deficiency, wasting, and Iran to find related articles published up to 2016

Results: The persistence of malnutrition increases susceptibility to infectious and cardiovascular diseases, delays wound healing, and finally increases morbidity and mortality

Conclusion: Considering the importance of nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease, it is necessary to design and development of more effective strategies to optimize nutritional status of these patients

relation of anxiety, depression, and happiness with binge eating disorder among binge eating applicants of weight-loss

Background: This descriptive study sought to assess the relation of anxiety, depression, and happiness with binge eating disorders [BED] among overweight and obese individuals

Methods: To conduct this study, 200 individuals who referred to Nutrition Clinics in Isfahan, were selected randomly. They were asked to complete some questionnaires which were then scored according to Gormally scale. Respondents with scores of 17 and higher were selected as BED and entered the study. Final sample size consisted of 120 participants [28 men and 92 women]. The management tools were Gormally et al.'s, the Oxford Happiness, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Kettel anxiety questionnaires

Results: Statistical assessment consisted of descriptive statistics, pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regressions, and Fisher's Z test. Results showed that BED had significant and linear correlations with depression [r = 0.51], happiness [r = 0.27], and anxiety [r = 0.24] [all P < 0.01]. Depression as the only included factor for analysis explained 25% of the analysis variance. Although, BED had a positive correlation with depression, anxiety, and happiness among men [P < 0.05] and women [P < 0.01], it did not have any association with either of the three mentioned factors [Z = 0.50, Z = -1.15, and

Z = 0.62, respectively]. It was shown that depression, anxiety, and absence of happiness had important roles in the process of weight reduction among applicants of weight loss

Conclusions: Anxiety and depression lead to over-eating and over-eating inturn reinforces both depression and anxiety