Development and validation of a risk-prediction model for immune-related adverse events in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and is the most common cancer in males. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have achieved impressive efficacy in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Pardoll, 2012; Champiat et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2022). Although ICIs are usually well tolerated, they are often accompanied by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) (Doroshow et al., 2019). Non-specific activation of the immune system produces off-target immune and inflammatory responses that can affect virtually any organ or system (O'Kane et al., 2017; Puzanov et al., 2017). Compared with adverse events caused by chemotherapy, irAEs are often characterized by delayed onset and prolonged duration and can occur in any organ at any stage of treatment, including after cessation of treatment (Puzanov et al., 2017; von Itzstein et al., 2020). They range from rash, pneumonitis, hypothyroidism, enterocolitis, and autoimmune hepatitis to cardiovascular, hematological, renal, neurological, and ophthalmic irAEs (Nishino et al., 2016; Kumar et al., 2017; Song et al., 2020). Hence, we conducted a retrospective study to identify validated factors that could predict the magnitude of the risk of irAEs in patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors; our approach was to analyze the correlation between the clinical characteristics of patients at the start of treatment and relevant indicators such as hematological indices and the risk of developing irAEs. Then, we developed an economical, practical, rapid, and simple model to assess the risk of irAEs in patients receiving ICI treatment, as early as possible.

Emerging vaccine nanotechnology: From defense against infection to sniping cancer

Looking retrospectively at the development of humanity, vaccination is an unprecedented medical landmark that saves lives by harnessing the human immune system. During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaccination is still the most effective defense modality. The successful clinical application of the lipid nanoparticle-based Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines highlights promising future of nanotechnology in vaccine development. Compared with conventional vaccines, nanovaccines are supposed to have advantages in lymph node accumulation, antigen assembly, and antigen presentation; they also have, unique pathogen biomimicry properties because of well-organized combination of multiple immune factors. Beyond infectious diseases, vaccine nanotechnology also exhibits considerable potential for cancer treatment. The ultimate goal of cancer vaccines is to fully mobilize the potency of the immune system as a living therapeutic to recognize tumor antigens and eliminate tumor cells, and nanotechnologies have the requisite properties to realize this goal. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in vaccine nanotechnology from infectious disease prevention to cancer immunotherapy and highlight the different types of materials, mechanisms, administration methods, as well as future perspectives.

Perioperative airway management in patients undergoing bronchoscopic treatment of tracheal stenosis / 中华麻醉学杂志

Data of patients underwent bronchoscopic treatment of tracheal stenosis from May 2011 to April 2016 were collected.Patients were questioned about the medical history before operation,and the airway was fully evaluated.The laryngeal mask was used for the patients with upper 1/3 tracheal stenosis and subglottic stenosis,and endotracheal intubation was applied for the other patients.Patients with severe tracheal stenosis received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-assisted ventilation.The tracheal tube or laryngeal mask was removed immediately when patients were awake and spontaneous breathing and swallowing reflex recovered after operation,and oxygen was inhaled by mask.A total of 189 patients were included in this study,93 patients received endotracheal intubation,and 91 patients were ventilated via the laryngeal mask,and 5 patients underwent ECMO-assisted ventilation.Forty-four patients adopted the method of preserving spontaneous breathing,and the other 145 patients did not.There were 165 patients in whom the endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask was removed immediately after they were awake,and the remaining 24 cases were sent to the intensive care unit with the endotracheal tube.For the patients with tracheal stenosis,preoperative interview and airway assessment are especially important,and appropriate airway management strategies should be developed;vital signs should be closely observed during operation,and the proper ventilation mode is selected,and ECMO-assisted ventilation could be considered for the patients with severe tracheal stenosis;the timing of removal of the endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask should be seized after operation.

Perioperative airway management in patients undergoing bronchoscopic treatment of tracheal stenosis / 中华麻醉学杂志

Data of patients underwent bronchoscopic treatment of tracheal stenosis from May 2011 to April 2016 were collected.Patients were questioned about the medical history before operation, and the airway was fully evaluated.The laryngeal mask was used for the patients with upper 1/3 tracheal stenosis and subglottic stenosis, and endotracheal intubation was applied for the other patients.Patients with severe tracheal stenosis received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-assisted ventilation.The tracheal tube or laryngeal mask was removed immediately when patients were awake and spontaneous breathing and swallowing reflex recovered after operation, and oxygen was inhaled by mask.A total of 189 patients were included in this study, 93 patients received endotracheal intubation, and 91 patients were ventilated via the laryngeal mask, and 5 patients underwent ECMO-assisted ventilation.Forty-four patients adopted the method of preserving spontaneous breathing, and the other 145 patients did not.There were 165 patients in whom the endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask was removed immediately after they were awake, and the remaining 24 cases were sent to the intensive care unit with the endotracheal tube.For the patients with tracheal stenosis, preoperative interview and airway assessment are especially important, and appropriate airway management strategies should be developed; vital signs should be closely observed during operation, and the proper ventilation mode is selected, and ECMO-assisted ventilation could be considered for the patients with severe tracheal stenosis; the timing of removal of the endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask should be seized after operation.