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1.
Rev. colomb. reumatol ; 29(supl. 1)dic. 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1536173

RESUMO

The presence of thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients has been described since the beginning of the pandemic. This association has been confirmed in most of the reported studies. Autopsy reports have shown that most thromboses are located in the lung, although they have also been observed in other organs such as the skin and kidneys. SARS-CoV2 infection induces a generalized prothrombotic state, which is attributed to a combination of factors such as hypoxia, excess cellular apoptosis, and mainly to overactivation of the immune system. Among immune-mediated prothrombotic situations, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) stands out. Recurrent thrombotic events are observed in APS in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). There are numerous studies that report high prevalence of aPL in patients with COVID-19 infection. However, the results show discrepancies in the data on the prevalence of aPL, and its role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in these patients. This could be due to the heterogeneity of the detection procedures for aPL or to transient elevations of non-pathogenic aPL levels in the context of infection. In this review we try to clarify the role of aPL in COVID-19 infection, and attempt to answer the question of whether it is a coagulopathy of its own, or secondary to APS.


La presencia de eventos trombóticos en los pacientes con COVID-19 se describió desde el inicio de la pandemia, asociación que ha sido confirmada en la mayoría de los estudios reportados. Los informes de necropsias han puesto de manifiesto que la mayoría de las trombosis se localiza en el pulmón, aunque también se han observado en otros órganos, como la piel y los riñones. La infección por SARS-CoV-2 induce un estado protrombótico generalizado que se atribuye a una conjunción de factores como la hipoxia, el exceso de apoptosis celular y, sobre todo, una hiperactivación del sistema inmune. Entre las situaciones protrombóticas inmunomediadas destaca el síndrome antifosfolipídico, en el cual se observan eventos trombóticos de repetición en presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (AAF). Existen numerosos estudios que reportan una elevada prevalencia de AAF en los pacientes con infección por la COVID-19; sin embargo, los resultados muestran discordancias en los datos de prevalencia de AAF y su rol en la patogenia sobre la trombosis en estos pacientes, lo que que podría deberse a la heterogeneidad de los procedimientos de detección de los AAF o a elevaciones transitorias de los niveles de AAF no patogénicos en el contexto de la infección. En esta revisión se busca aclarar el papel de los AAF en la infección por COVID-19, intentando responder a la pregunta de si se trata de una coagulopatía propia o es secundaria a un síndrome antifosfolipídico.


Assuntos
Humanos , Fosfatidilgliceróis , Doenças Autoimunes , Cardiolipinas , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário , Lipídeos , Lipídeos de Membrana
3.
Rev. colomb. reumatol ; 28(supl.1): 39-43, Dec. 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1361000

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the development of thrombotic events and/or obstetric morbidity in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), such as the lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) or anti- β 2-glycoprotein I antibodies (a β2 GPI). In 1992, Ronald A. Asherson described a very aggressive clinical variant of this syndrome characterized by the development of multiple thrombotic manifestations, simultaneously or in a short period of time. The term catastrophic APS was proposed and since then it is known by this name.


RESUMEN El síndrome antifosfolípido (SAF) es una enfermedad sistêmica autoinmune, caracterizada por el desarrollo de eventos trombóticos y/o morbilidad obstétrica en presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (aPL), tales como el anticoagulante lúpico (AL), los anticuerpos anticardiolipina (aCL) o anticuerpos anti- β2-glicoproteína I (aβ2GPI). En 1992, Ronald A. Asherson describió una variante clínica muy agresiva de este síndrome, caracterizada por el desarrollo de múltiples manifestaciones trombóticas, de manera simultánea o dentro de un corto periodo de tiempo. Se propuso entonces el término SAF catastrófico y desde entonces se le ha conocido por ese nombre.


Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Autoimunes , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário
4.
Rev. colomb. reumatol ; 28(supl.1): 82-89, Dec. 2021. graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1361004

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Despite improvements in patient survival and quality of life, long-term renal survival has not changed significantly in the recent decades and nephritis relapses affect over 50% of patients with lupus nephritis. Renal fibrosis affecting the tubulointerstitial compartment is a central determinant of the prognosis of any kidney disease. Notwithstanding this evidence, the current 2003 ISN/RPS classification still focuses on glomerular pathology and does not include a mandatory score with clear subcategories of the tubulointerstitial injury in the biopsy. The pathogenesis, and the morphological and molecular characteristics of this process in patients with lupus nephritis will be considered, together with a discussion about the concepts the clinician needs to efficiently address in this injury during daily practice and in future clinical trials. Both tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis are strongly correlated with poor renal outcomes in lupus nephritis, regardless of the extent of glomerular damage. Therefore, it is essential to develop reliable and noninvasive approaches to predict which patients are most likely to develop CKD so that appropriate interventions can be adopted before ESRD is established. Currently, no ideal method for monitoring kidney fibrosis exists, since repeated renal biopsies are invasive. Promising methods for assessing and monitoring fibrosis non-invasively include imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging or ex vivo confocal microscopy, integrated in computational and digital pathology techniques. Finally, beyond specific immunosuppressive treatment in Lupus Nephritis, identifying and treating cardiovascular risk factors should be a cornerstone of treatment in these patients.


RESUMEN A pesar de las mejoras en la sobrevida de los pacientes y su calidad de vida, la sobrevida renal en el largo plazo no ha cambiado significativamente durante las últimas décadas, y las recidivas nefríticas afectan a más del 50% de los pacientes con nefritis lúpica. La fibrosis renal, que afecta el compartimiento tubulointersticial, es un factor determinante central en el pronóstico de todas las patologías renales. A pesar de la evidencia, la actual clasificación ISN/RPS del 2003 todavía se concentra en la patología glomerular y no incluye un score obligatorio con claras subcategorías de la lesión tubulointersticial en la biopsia. Se hablará de la patogenia y las características morfológicas y moleculares de este proceso en pacientes con nefritis lúpica, así como de los conceptos que el clínico necesita para abordar esta lesión de manera eficiente en su práctica cotidiana y en los estudios clínicos a futuro. Tanto la inflamación tubulointersticial como la fibrosis se relacionan fuertemente con desenlaces renales pobres en la nefritis lúpica, con independencia de la extensión del dañío glomerular. Resulta por lo tanto esencial desarrollar sistemas confiables y no invasivos para predecir cuáles pacientes tendrán mayor probabilidad de desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica, a fin de realizar las intervenciones apropiadas antes de que se establezca la enfermedad renal terminal (ERT). En la actualidad, no existe un método ideal para monitorear la fibrosis renal, dado que las biopsias repetidas son procedimientos invasivos. Algunos de los métodos promisorios para evaluar y monitorear la fibrosis de manera no invasiva son las técnicas de imágenes, tales como la resonancia magnética o la microscopía confocal ex vivo, integradas en técnicas de patología computarizadas y digitales. Finalmente, más allá del tratamiento inmunosupresor específico para la nefritis lúpica, identificar y tratar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular deberá ser uno de los pilares de tratamiento en estos pacientes.


Assuntos
Humanos , Condições Patológicas, Sinais e Sintomas , Processos Patológicos , Fibrose , Nefrite Lúpica , Doenças Urogenitais Femininas , Varicocele
5.
Rev. colomb. reumatol ; 28(supl.1): 101-106, Dec. 2021. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1361006

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most representative disorder within systemic autoimmune diseases. The treat-to-target strategy in SLE was established half a decade ago and, since then, remarkable advances have been made. An international consensus has defined and unified the term remission and also low disease activity has been proposed as an alternative and, perhaps, more realistic target. Both of them have proven to be meaningful in terms of improving several outcomes, and have opened the path for future research in clinical trials.


RESUMEN El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es el trastorno más representativo dentro de las enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas. La estrategia de tratamiento por objetivos en el LES se estableció hace media década y desde entonces se han producido notables avances. Un consenso internacional ha definido y unificado el término remisión y también se ha propuesto la baja actividad de la enfermedad como un objetivo alternativo y quizás más realista. Ambos han demostrado ser significativos en cuanto a la mejora de varios resultados y han abierto el camino para futuras investigaciones en ensayos clínicos.


Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças da Pele e do Tecido Conjuntivo , Doenças do Tecido Conjuntivo , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico
8.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(7): 881-887, July 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-567594

RESUMO

The immunosuppressive agents used in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have signifcantly improved prognosis. However, it is necessary to develop more specifc immunosuppressive treatments with less toxicity. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases has contributed to the development of potential new treatments called biologic therapies. The targets of these biological therapies are directed toward the B cell depletion, interference in the co-stimulation signals and the blockade of cytokines. Therapies using anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have shown satisfactory results especially in patients with SLE refractory to conventional treatment. The biological therapies provide encouraging results that represent a possible option in the treatment of refractory patients as well as a potential therapy in the future management of SLE.


Assuntos
Humanos , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Terapia Biológica/métodos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico
9.
Rev. colomb. reumatol ; 14(4): 253-259, dic. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-636729

RESUMO

Objetivo: determinar si la presencia de valores persistentemente positivos de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (AAF) está relacionada con trombosis recurrente en el seguimiento de pacientes con síndrome antifosfolipídico (SAF). Métodos: se analizaron 141 pacientes con SAF (criterios de Sapporo). Los valores de anticoagulante lúpico (AL) y anticuerpos anticardiolipina (AAC) fueron definidos como persistentemente positivos cuando más del 75% de las determinaciones fueron positivas durante el seguimiento (los AAF fueron medidos en cinco o más ocasiones). La trombosis en el seguimiento fue definida como una trombosis recurrente en pacientes con episodios trombóticos previos o nuevos episodios en aquellos pacientes con pérdidas fetales previas. Resultados: ochenta y nueve pacientes presentaban SAF primario, 34 asociado a lupus eritema-toso sistémico (LES), 14 con síndrome similar al lupus, 3 con síndrome de Sjogren y 1 con enfermedad de Beh

Objective: to determine if the presence of persistently positive valúes of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies is related with recurrent thrombosis in the follow-up of patíent with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Patients and Methods: 141 patients with APS (Sapporo's criteria) were analyzed. Lupus antico-agulant (LAC) valúes and anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) were defined as persistently positive when more than 75% of determinations were positive during the follow-up (aPL were measured on 5 or more occasions). Thrombosis in the follow-up was defined as a recurrent thrombosis in patient with previous thrombotic events or new events in those patients with previous fetal losses. Results: 89 patients suffered from primary APS, 34 associated to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 14 to SLE-like, 3 to Sjogren's syndrome, and 1 to Behcet's disease. 56% liad a history of thrombosis, 29% of fetal losses, and 15% both thrombosis and fetal losses. Median time of follow-up and between the diagnosis and the last aPL determination was 68 months and 65 months (9-180), respectively. Median of determinations by patient was 8 (5-27). 31 patients suffered from thrombosis in the follow-up, 28 of them in form of recurrent thrombosis. 58 (41%) patients liad persistently positive aPL during follow-up, thus: 23 (39,65%) aCL IgG y LAC, 12 (20,7%) LAC, 8 (13,8%) aCL IgG, 5 (8,6%) aCL IgM, aCL IgG y LAC, 4 (6,9%) aCL IgM, 3 (5,1%) aCL IgG y aCL IgM y 3 (5,1%) aCL IgM y LAC, respectively. Risk for recurrent thrombosis during follow-up was increased in persistently positive aPL patients (OR 3,53; 95% CI 1,53-8,16; p=0,003) compared with transiently positive aPL patients. This higher risk was attributable to persistently positive LA (OR 3,87; 95% CI 1,68-8,91; p=0,002) and persistently positive aCL IgG (OR 2,91; 95% CI 1,25-6,75; p=0,02). The profile of persistently positive aPL related with the appearance of thrombosis during follow-up was the combination of IgG aCL & LA (OR 3,51; 95% CI 1,36-9,09; p=0,01). Conclusions: the risk of thrombosis during follow-up is increased in patients with persistently positive aPL, specially in those with the combination of IgG aCL & LA.


Assuntos
Humanos , Trombose , Anticorpos Antifosfolipídeos , Pacientes , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica , Diagnóstico , Diagnóstico , Métodos
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