Anti-coccidial activity of the ethanol extract of Tribulus terrestris fruits on Eimeria tenella / 한국실험동물학회지

Anti-coccidial effects of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris (Tribuli fructus) ethanol extract (TTE) were studied with animal experiment following per oral administration with Eimeria (E.) tenella. This experiment was performed on the 3-day-old chicks (n=30). The animals were divided with 3 groups; TFE 15mg per animal+infected (n=10), TTE untreated+infected (n=10) and non-infected control (n=10). Animals were administrated with or without TTE during 1 week, and then inoculated with E. tenella. The anti-coccidial activity were evaluated with oocysts shedding numbers in stools, body weights changes and food intake changes. The TTE-inoclated animals revealed significantly decreased stool oocysts numbers (P < 0.05) when compared to the TTE untreated animals. Also, TTE-treated animals showed more increased body weight gains (P < 0.05) than the TTE untreated animals. These results demonstrate that TTE produce anticoccidial activities against E. tenella. TTE could be a promising treatment for the coccidiosis.

Association of the Gene Polymorphisms of Platelet Glycoprotein Ia and IIb/IIIa with Myocardial Infarction and Extent of Coronary Artery Disease in the Korean Population

Platelet membrane receptor glycoproteins (GP) are essential for the platelet activation process, and the genetic polymorphisms in the genes that encode platelet glycoproteins have been proposed to influence the risk of acute coronary syndrome and atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the role of GPIa, HPA-1 and HPA-3 polymorphisms as putative risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI) and the extent of coronary artery disease. We selected 1, 073 subjects who underwent coronary angiography; 242 had normal or minimal coronary atherosclerosis, and 831 patients had significant coronary artery disease (CAD). The genotype was determined by the methods of single base extension for C807T/G873A polymorphisms of GPIa, and restriction fragment length polymorphism for HPA-1 and HPA-3. The C807T and G873A polymorphisms of GPIa showed complete linkage in the Korean population. For HPA-1 gene polymorphism, only the HPA-1a/a (PlA1/A1) genotype was observed in 192 selected subjects from our study population. The distribution of GPIa (C807T/G873A) and HPA-3 genotypes did not differ significantly between normal subjects and CAD subjects. No significant association between MI and both gene polymorphisms was present. However, for the subgroup analysis of young male patients whose age was less than 56 years, the genotype frequency of HPA-3b/b was significantly lower in patients with MI compared to patients without a history of MI (7.5% vs. 20.0%, p=0.04). The odds ratio for HPA-3 b homozygosity versus the HPA-3a carrier was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.10- 0.99, p=0.04). Conclusively, HPA-3 polymorphism was associated with MI in Korean individuals younger than 56 years of age, but other polymorphisms of GP, which we studied, were not associated with both the extent of coronary atherosclerosis or MI.

The Roles of Stromelysin-1 and the Gelatinase B Gene Polymorphism in Stable Angina

Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to vascular remodeling by breaking down extracellular-matrix while new matrix is synthesized. Of the variety of MMPs, stromelysin-1 and gelatinase B may have key roles in coronary artery atherosclerosis. Moreover, The 5A/6A polymorphism in the promoter region of the stromelysin-1 gene may be a pathogenetic risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. Gelatinase B (92-kDa type IV collagenase and MMP-9) is one of the MMPs found to be highly expressed in the disruption-prone regions of atherosclerotic plaques. C- to T substitution at the promoter site (-1562) resulted in the higher promoter activity of the T-allelic promoter. The R279Q polymorphism in exon 6 led to the substitution of adenosine by guanine, and was a common polymorphism in the general population. We evaluated the relation between these polymorphisms and stable angina, the severity of atherosclerosis in coronary artery disease, and instent restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty. The study population was composed of 131 patients with stable angina (mean age 61.3 years, 89 males) and 117 control subjects (mean age 59.3 years, 59 males). Coronary angiographies were performed in all cases at Yonsei University Cardiovascular Hospital from February 1998 to June 2000. The genotype for each polymorphism was determined using a SNaPshotTM kit and by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The prevalence of 5A containing a polymorphism of the stromelysin-1 gene was higher in the stable angina group than in control patients, but no difference in the two polymorphisms of the gelatinase B gene was found between the two groups. By multiple logistic analysis, the 5A-allele of the stromelysin-1 gene was found to be an independent risk factor of stable angina with an odds ratio of 2.29 (95% CI; 1.19-4.38). However, the severity of atherosclerosis in coronary artery or in stent restenosis was not related to any polymorphism of stromelysin-1 or gelatinase B. Our results show that functional genetic variation of stromelysin-1 could be a significant risk factor for stable angina, and might play an important role in coronary atherosclerosis involving vascular remodeling.