Machine Learning Algorithms for the Prediction of Locomotor Activity by an Infrared Motion Detector on the Sleep-wake States in Mice

Objective@#Even though studies using machine learning on sleep-wake states have been performed, studies in various conditions are still necessary. This study aimed to examine the performance of the prediction model of locomotor activities on sleep-wake states using machine learning algorithms. @*Methods@#The processed data using moving average of locomotor activities were used as predicting features. The sleep-wake states were used as true labels. The prediction models were established by machine learning classifiers such as support vector machine with radial basis function (SVM-RBF), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), naïve Bayes, and random forest (RF). The prediction model was evaluated by a six-fold cross validation. @*Results@#The SVM-RBF and RF showed acceptable performance within a window of moving average from 480 to 1,200 seconds. The highest accuracy (0.869) was shown by the RF at the interval of 480 seconds. Meanwhile, the highest area under the curve (0.939) was shown by LDA at the interval of 870 seconds. @*Conclusion@#This study suggested that the prediction model on sleep-wake state using machine learning could show an improvement of the model performance when using moving average with raw data. The prediction model using locomotor activity can be useful in research on sleep-wake state.

Psychometric Properties of Assessment Tools for Depression, Anxiety, Distress, and Psychological Problems in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

Objective@#Various and accurate psychiatric assessments in patients with breast cancer who frequently suffer from psychological problems due to long-term survivors are warranted. This systematic review aimed to investigate the current evidence on psychometric properties of psychiatric assessment for evaluating psychological problems in breast cancer patients. @*Methods@#This systematic review progressed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. Four electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched. This study protocol was registered on Open Science Framework. @*Results@#Of the 2,040 articles, 21 papers were finally included. Among them, only five studies showed the performance of psychiatric assessment tools. Among 13 assessment tools used in the selected articles, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Distress Thermometer (DT), or Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale was frequently used for the evaluation of psychological problems. The DT and Psychosocial Distress Questionnaire-Breast Cancer showed acceptable performances for the prediction of depression and anxiety assessed by the HADS. @*Conclusion@#This systematic review found psychiatric assessment tools with acceptable reliability and validity for breast cancer patients. However, comparative studies on reliability and validity of various scales are required to provide useful information for the selection of appropriate assessment tools based on the clinical settings and treatment stages of breast cancer. Joint research among the fields of psychiatry and breast surgery is needed for research to establish the convergent, concurrent, and predictive validity of psychiatric assessment tools in breast cancer patients.

Cluster Analysis on the Mental Health States in a Community Sample of Young Women During Pre-Pregnancy, Pregnancy, or the Postpartum Period

Objective@#It is necessary to identify the mental health types of young women considering the importance of the mental health during the peripartum period. This study aimed to classify the mental health types in a community sample of young women with pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or the postpartum period. @*Methods@#A total of 293 young women during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or the postpartum period were included in this study. The clinical characteristics of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and quality of life were assessed. The clinical characteristics of the subject were classified by cluster analysis and compared by analysis of variance. @*Results@#From the cluster analysis, the subjects were classified into three groups. Cluster 1 showed significantly lower depression and anxiety and higher quality of life than those of cluster 2 and 3. Cluster 2 demonstrated significantly higher depression and anxiety and lower quality of life than those of cluster 3 and 1. Cluster 3 represented the intermediate levels between cluster 2 and 1. @*Conclusion@#This study suggested that young women during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or the postpartum period might be in a good mental health group, a high-risk group requiring active monitoring, or a group in need of treatment. By monitoring mental health, the groups with high risk or requiring treatment could be discovered and proper management for prevention or improvement of mental health and quality of life can be provided.

A Validation Study of Mental Health Monitoring Through a Mobile Application

Objective@#Face-to-face evaluation is the most important in psychiatric evaluation, but smart healthcare, including non-face-to-face evaluation, can be beneficial considering the situation in which face-to-face evaluation is limited or the preventive aspect of mental illness. In this paper, we aimed to check whether mental health screening tests have the same significance as paper-based tests even when collected through mobile applications. @*Methods@#A smart mental healthcare screening test was conducted on the 1,327 community subjects. We measured two indicators of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale, PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, GAD-7) to check mental health conditions. @*Results@#The average Cronbach’s alpha value of the PHQ-9 questionnaire was good at 0.870. As a result of PHQ-9’s principal component analysis, one component with an eigenvalue of 1 or more was identified, which is suitable to be described as a single factor. The average Cronbach’s alpha value of the GAD-7 was 0.919. The structural validity of the GAD-7 was confirmed through principal component analysis. @*Conclusion@#Our results show that PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales performed through mobile applications can have the same meaning as paper-based tests. Surveys using a tablet PC, or smartphone application can monitor residents’ mental health and accumulate data. Based on these data, smart mental health management can check the mental health of residents and treat mental illness in connection with medical services.

The Association of APOE e4 Genotype With Cognition, Brain Volume, Glucose Metabolism, and Amyloid Deposition in AD

Objective@#The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 genotype with cognition, brain volume, glucose metabolism, and amyloid deposition in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). @*Methods@#This is cross-sectional study of 69 subjects with AD. All subjects were divided into carriers and non-carriers of the e4 allele. Forty APOE e4 carriers and 29 APOE e4 non-carriers underwent neuropsychological, structural magnetic resonance imaging, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans (PET) and [18F]florbetaben amyloid PET. Analysis of co-variance was conducted to compare the differences on cognition, brain volume, glucose metabolism and amyloid deposition between APOE e4 carriers and non-carriers after controlling demographics. @*Results@#APOE e4 carriers had 50% lower scores of Seoul Verbal Learning Test (delayed recall) compared to non-carriers (0.88±1.65 vs. 1.76±1.75, p<0.05). However, APOE e4 carriers performed better on other cognitive tests than non-carriers (Korean version of Boston Naming Test [11.04±2.55 vs. 9.66±2.82, p<0.05], Rey Complex Figure Test [25.73±8.56 vs. 20.15±10.82, p<0.05], and Stroop test [color response] [48.28±26.33 vs. 31.56±27.03, p<0.05]). APOE e4 carriers had slightly smaller hippocampal volume than non-carriers (3.09±0.38 vs. 3.32±0.38, p<0.05), but greater total brain cortical thickness (1.45±1.55 vs. 1.37±1.24, p<0.05). Amyloid deposition did not differ significantly between APOE e4 carriers and non-carriers, and no signifi-cant difference in glucose metabolism was found between groups. @*Conclusion@#We found that APOE e4 genotype is associated with cognition, brain volume in AD, suggesting that APOE e4 genotype could play an important role in the underlying pathogenesis of AD.

Influence of Optimism, Social Support, and Spirituality on COVID-19 Stress in Christian Church Community

Objective@#Optimism, social support, and spirituality can be important factors related to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) stress. However, studies investigating the influence and interplay of optimism, social support, and spirituality on COVID-19 simultaneously are still few. This study is aimed to explore the influence of optimism, social support, and spirituality on COVID-19 stress in the Christian church community. @*Methods@#A total 350 participants were included in this study. This study was cross-sectionally conducted by using an online survey on optimism, social support, spirituality, and COVID-19 stress that were measured by the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS), Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and COVID-19 Stress Scale for Korean People (CSSK). The prediction models for COVID-19 stress were analyzed by using univariate and multiple linear regression. @*Results@#Based on the results of univariate linear regression, subjective feelings on income (p<0.001) and health status (p<0.001), LOTR (p<0.001), MSPSS (p=0.025), and SWBS (p<0.001) scores were significantly associated with COVID-19 stress. The multiple linear regression model with subjective feelings on income and health status and SWSB score was significant (p<0.001) and explained 17.7% of the variance (R2=0.177). @*Conclusion@#This study showed that subjective feeling on low income, those who had poor health status, lower optimism, lower perceived social support, and lower spirituality were significantly affected with COVID-19 stress. Especially, the model with subjective feelings on income and health status, and spirituality showed highly significant effects, despite the interaction with associated factors. To cope with unpredictable stressful situations like the COVID-19 pandemic, integrated interventions on psycho-socio-spiritual aspect are warranted.

Family Based Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Schizophrenia in a Korean Population: A Pilot Study / 생물치료정신의학

Objectives@#Schizophrenia (SPR) is the most devastating mental illness that causes severe deterioration in social and occupational functioning, but, the aetiology remains unknown. The aim was to identify patterns of association and segregation for genetic variants and to identify the genes and signalling pathways that determine the risk of developing SPR, through a family-based Genome-wide association study. @*Methods@#We have recruited 27 probands(with SPR) with their parents and siblings whenever possible. DNA was extracted from blood sampling of 58 individuals in 27 families and analysed in an Illumina core exome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A family-based association test was used to derive SNP association values across all chromosomes. @*Results@#Although none of the final 800,000 SNPs reached the genome-wide significant threshold of 5×10-8 , the most significant 3 SNPs were within the 10-5 -10-7 . @*Conclusions@#This confirms that SPR is not monogenic but results as a consequence of interactions between multiple host genes and possibly also environmental factors. The present approach provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying SPR and raises the possibility of identifying individuals at risk of acquiring this condition. In this study, several possible susceptibility genes have been identified that are linked to a range of different pathways, which could reflect the mind-body interaction that is included in the psychiatric genomics consortium.

A Case of Subacute Psychosis in a Patient With Germ Cell Tumor / 생물치료정신의학

We report a case of subacute psychotic symptoms in a patient with germ cell tumor (GCT). The 32-year-old male patient showed progressive psychotic symptoms with diagnosis of GCT. His psychotic symptoms included delusions of reference and persecution. Brain magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and laboratory examinations were performed to evaluate any other causes. The clinical, neuroimaging, and laboratory review in this case suggested that the progressively developed psychotic symptoms that led to chronic deterioration were caused by the GCT. This is the case report in which subacute atypical psychotic symptoms in his thirties could develop from a GCT based on previous basic research findings showing the correlations of psychotic symptoms with GCT although it has the limitation of so early speculation.

Difference in Cognitive Performance in Virtual Reality– Assisted Mental Health Promotion Program According to Groups Clustered Based on Mental Health / 우울ㆍ조울병

Background@#Several studies support the effectiveness and tolerability of virtual reality (VR) interventions in the psychiatric field. This study aimed to examine changes of cognitive performance in VR-assisted mental health promotion programs and to investigate the difference in performance according to clinical characteristics. @*Methods@#Thirty subjects aged >55 years participated in the study. The clinical characteristics of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, quality of life, and cognition were assessed. Cognitive performance in VR-assisted mental health promotion programs was compared between the clusters classified by clinical characteristics. @*Results@#Cluster analysis classified the subjects into three groups. In Cluster 1, the Module 3 training score was significantly different before and after VR performance. In Cluster 2, significant differences were observed in the Module 1 training score, the Module 2 training score, the Module 2 defense failure score, and the Module 3 training score.In Cluster 3, a significant difference was observed in the Module 3 training score. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study suggest that VR performance might differ according to clinical characteristics. A cognitive training strategy using VR has to be differentially established depending on the characteristics of the community population.

Influences of Dopamine D2, D3 Agonist Quinpirole Dosage on Locomotor Activity Measured by Open-FieldTest / 우울ㆍ조울병

Background@#Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist quinpirole have been tried as one of drug-induced bipolar animal models. An open-field test is used to assess locomotor activity related to anxiety. Not many studies have analyzed the effects of quinpirole dosages on locomotor activity. The purpose of this study was to look at the locomotor activity of quinpirole-injected mice in an open-field test. @*Methods@#The open-field test was used to observe the locomotor activities of 28 mice. Quinpirole was administrated at 0.05-5 mg/kg and normal saline were used as a control. The Mann-Whitney U-test was employed to compare the locomotor activities in the quinpirole and control groups. @*Results@#Quinpirole-induced locomotor activities reduced as time elapsed during the first 30 minutes following the injection in most mice, then increased or fluctuated in the later 30 minutes. As the dosage was increased, there was a stronger initial inhibition, followed by a rapid and further increase in the last 30 minutes. @*Conclusion@#This study showed the differential effects of quinpirole-induced locomotor activities depending on dosage, and initial suppression of locomotor activities by quinpirole was observed. Additionally, longitudinal observation of more than 1 hour would be required to look into the biphasic pattern of quinpirole in an animal model.

Safety issues regarding melatonin use in child and adolescent patients with sleep problems / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Several studies have reported that melatonin may be effective in treating sleep problems in children and adolescents. However, evidence regarding the safety of melatonin use in children and adolescents in their growth and developmental stages is warranted. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the literature on the safety of melatonin use in children and adolescents with insomnia and sleep disturbances. According to existing evidence, there are no serious adverse effects of long-term melatonin use in children and adolescents. The common adverse effects reported in long-term studies are fatigue, somnolence, and mood swings. In addition, there is no evidence that long-term use of melatonin inhibits the natural secretion of melatonin. It is necessary to monitor potential drug interactions with medications such as inhibitors and enhancers of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). Furthermore, low CYP1A2 expression in young children requires proper dose adjustment. Although sufficient experience of melatonin use in children and adolescents has yet to be attained, accumulating evidence suggests that the use of melatonin in children and adolescents with sleep problems might be effective and tolerable. Considering the abuse or overdose risk of hypnotics or benzodiazepines, melatonin supplements may be a good therapeutic alternative. Future studies on the long-term safety of melatonin for physiological and mental function in children and adolescents are required to establish certainty about melatonin use in children and adolescents.

Analysis of ultradian rest-activity rhythms using locomotor activity in mice / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Background@#Locomotor activity in mice may have an ultradian rest-activity rhythm. However, to date, no study has shown how locomotor activity can be explained statistically using fitted cosine curves. Therefore, this study explored whether the ultradian rhythm of locomotor activity in mice could be analyzed using cosine fitting analysis. @*Methods@#The locomotor activity of 20 male mice under a 12/12-hour dark/light cycle for 2 days was fitted to a cosine function to obtain the best fit. The mean absolute error (MAE) values were used to determine the explanatory power of the calculated cosine model for locomotor activity. The cosine fitting analysis was performed using R statistical software (version 4.1.1). @*Results@#The mean MAE was 0.2944, whereas the mean MAE for integrating the individual analyses in the two experimental groups was 0.3284. The periods of the estimated ultradian rest-activity rhythm ranged from 1.602 to 4.168 hours. @*Conclusions@#These results suggest that locomotor activity data reflect an ultradian rhythm better than a circadian rhythm. Locomotor activity can be statistically fitted to a cosine curve under well-controlled conditions. In the future, it will be necessary to explore whether this cosine-fitting analysis can be used to analyze ultradian rhythms under different experimental conditions.

Optimization of Analysis of Circadian Rest-Activity Rhythm Using Cosinor Analysis in Mice

Objective@#Data processing in analysis of circadian rhythm was performed in various ways. However, there was a lack of evidence for the optimal analysis of circadian rest-activity rhythm. Therefore, we aimed to perform mathematical simulations of data processing to investigate proper evidence for the optimal analysis of circadian rest-activity rhythm. @*Methods@#Locomotor activities of 20 ICR male mice were measured by infrared motion detectors. The data of locomotor activities was processed using data summation, data average, and data moving average methods for cosinor analysis. Circadian indices were estimated according to time block, respectively. Also, statistical F and p-values were calculated by zero-amplitude test. @*Results@#The data moving average result showed well-fitted cosine curves independent of data processing time. Meanwhile, the amplitude, MESOR, and acrophase were properly estimated within 800 seconds in data summation and data average methods. @*Conclusion@#These findings suggest that data moving average would be an optimal method for data processing in a cosinor analysis and data average within 800-second data processing time might be adaptable. The results of this study can be helpful to analyze circadian restactivity rhythms and integrate the results of the studies using different data processing methods.

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Subcortical Gray Matter Volumes in the Healthy Elderly * / 생물치료정신의학

Objectives@#：This study was aimed to investigate whether 1) sexual dimorphism in subcortical gray matter volumes (GMV) and the length ratio between the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) would be found and 2) 2D:4D would have associated with subcortical GMV in healthy elderly people. @*Methods@#：Sixty-two females aged 70.3±6.3 (mean±SD) years and 23 males aged 70.4±4.9 years were recruited from the Dementia Clinic in the Pusan National University Hospital. The subjects with the clinical dementia rating scale-sum of boxes (CDR-SB) total score greater than 2.0, any psychiatric or neurological disease, or any pathologic lesion on brain MRI other than micro-angiopathy were excluded. The 2D:4D of the left and right hands were measured 3 times each. Volumetric segmentation of T1-weighted MRI scans was done by Freesurfer software (v7.1.1.1). @*Results@#：2D:4Ds of males were smaller than those of females significantly on repeated measures ANOVA. The males’ thalamus, putamen, hippocampus in both hemispheres and the right amygdala were larger than females’. These differences were not significant after controlling for age, education and total intracranial volume (ICV). In the females, the left 2D:4D was negatively correlated with the left hippocampal volume. In the males, 2D:4D was positively correlated with the volumes of ipsilateral or contralateral thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and accumbens. These correlations were not significant after Bonferroni’s correction, except for the right accumbens. @*Conclusions@#：Sexual dimorphism of 2D:4D is preserved in healthy elderly people. There is a significant correlation between the right 2D:4D and GMV of the accumbens in males.

Reduced Volume of Anterior Corpus Callosum in Alzheimer’s Disease With Psychotic Symptoms: Cross-Sectional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Objective@#Although previous studies have shown association between anterior corpus callosum (ACC) and various psychotic disorder, the effect of ACC on development on psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of ACC with the development of psychosis in patients with AD. @*Methods@#This is a hospital based cross-sectional study of 241 AD patients. The main outcome measure is the volume of ACC that were measured as regions of interest with magnetic resonance imaging and the FreeSurfer analysis at baseline. Analysis of covariance and Logistic regression analysis conducted to assess the association between the volume of ACC and the presence of psychosis in AD, adjusting for age, education, Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes, and total intracranial volume. @*Results@#We found that the volume of ACC is significantly reduced in AD with psychosis (AD+P) compared to AD without psychosis (AD-P) (774.27±142.96 vs. 833.09±142.04, p=0.005). The volume of ACC associated with the presence of psychosis in AD (odds ratio=0.995; 95% confidence interval=0.993-0.997; p=0.006). @*Conclusion@#We have found that reduced volume of ACC in AD+P, suggesting that ACC might play an important role in the underlying pathogenesis of development of psychotic symptoms in AD.

Choroid Plexus and Its Association of Subtypes of Delusion in Patient With Alzheimer’s Disease

Objective@#This study examined the volume of choroid plexus across AD without delusion (AD-D), AD with paranoid delusion (AD+PD), and AD with misidentification delusion (AD+MD). @*Methods@#This is a hospital based cross-sectional study of patients with AD. The main outcome measure is the volume of choroid plexus that were measured as regions of interest with magnetic resonance imaging and the FreeSurfer analysis at baseline. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare the differences on the volume of choroid plexus across AD-D, AD+PD, and AD+MD after controlling demographics. @*Results@#There was no volume difference in the both choroid plexus between AD-D and AD+D. However, the volumes of both cho-roid plexus were significantly reduced in AD+MD compared to AD+PD. @*Conclusion@#Our study demonstrates that AD+MD has significantly reduced volumes of choroid plexus compared to AD+PD. These findings suggest that AD+MD and AD+PD may have different pathophysiological mechanisms related to neuroimmune re-sponses in the choroid plexus.

Prediction of Locomotor Activity by Infrared Motion Detector on Sleep-wake State in Mice

Objective@#Behavioral assessments that effectively predict sleep-wake states were tried in animal research. This study aimed to examine the prediction power of an infrared locomotion detector on the sleep-wake states in ICR (Institute Cancer Research) mice. We also explored the influence of the durations and ways of data processing on the prediction power. @*Methods@#The locomotor activities of seven male mice in home cages were recorded by infrared detectors. Their sleep-wake states were assessed by video analysis. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cut-off score was determined, then the area under the curve (AUC) values of the infrared motion detector that predicted sleep-wake states were calculated. In order to improve the prediction power, the four ways of data processing on the prediction power were performed by Matlab 2013b. @*Results@#In the initial analysis of raw data, the AUC value was 0.785, but it gradually reached to 0.942 after data summation. The simple data averaging and summation among four different methods showed the maximal AUC value. The 10-minute data summation improved sensitivity (0.889) and specificity (0.901) significantly from the baseline value (sensitivity 0.615; specificity 0.936) (p ＜ 0.001). @*Conclusion@#This study suggests that the locomotor activity measured by an infrared motion detector might be useful to predict the sleep-wake states in ICR mice. It also revealed that only simple data summation may improve the predictive power. Using daily locomotor activities measured by an infrared motion detector is expected to facilitate animal research related to sleep-wake states.

Prediction of Locomotor Activity by Infrared Motion Detector on Sleep-wake State in Mice

Objective@#Behavioral assessments that effectively predict sleep-wake states were tried in animal research. This study aimed to examine the prediction power of an infrared locomotion detector on the sleep-wake states in ICR (Institute Cancer Research) mice. We also explored the influence of the durations and ways of data processing on the prediction power. @*Methods@#The locomotor activities of seven male mice in home cages were recorded by infrared detectors. Their sleep-wake states were assessed by video analysis. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cut-off score was determined, then the area under the curve (AUC) values of the infrared motion detector that predicted sleep-wake states were calculated. In order to improve the prediction power, the four ways of data processing on the prediction power were performed by Matlab 2013b. @*Results@#In the initial analysis of raw data, the AUC value was 0.785, but it gradually reached to 0.942 after data summation. The simple data averaging and summation among four different methods showed the maximal AUC value. The 10-minute data summation improved sensitivity (0.889) and specificity (0.901) significantly from the baseline value (sensitivity 0.615; specificity 0.936) (p ＜ 0.001). @*Conclusion@#This study suggests that the locomotor activity measured by an infrared motion detector might be useful to predict the sleep-wake states in ICR mice. It also revealed that only simple data summation may improve the predictive power. Using daily locomotor activities measured by an infrared motion detector is expected to facilitate animal research related to sleep-wake states.

Psychometric Properties of Behavioral Checklist for Coping with Stress in Patients with Mood Disorders

Objective@#Even though the importance of stress-coping, there is no reliable and valid scale to measure the stress-coping behavior yet. The purpose of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of Behavioral Checklist for Coping with Stress (BCCS). @*Methods@#A total of 458 subjects including healthy subjects and patients with bipolar or depressive disorders were analyzed. The reliability and validity of BCCS were examined by Chronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analysis using Principal Component Analysis. In order to evaluate criterion-related validity, the Pearson’s correlation analyses between factors of BCCS and relevant scales were performed. @*Results@#BCCS showed good Chronobach’s alpha (0.695–0.833) and had acceptable validity. Factor 1 and factor 4 of BCCS were negatively correlated with depression, anxiety and positivity correlated with task and problem-solving, avoidance, tension-releasing copings in common. Factor 2 and 3 were positively correlated with impulsivity, emotionality, avoidance, behavioral and verbal aggression and tension-releasing copings in common. Different from factor 2, factor 3 was positively correlated with depression, anxiety and anger-suppression. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study suggest that this BCCS might be a reliable and valid scale for measuring stress-coping behaviors. This scale could facilitate research to investigate clinical implications related to behavioral stress-coping.

Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in the Research of Psychiatric Disorders / 생물치료정신의학

In the field of psychiatry, studies on circadian rhythms are increasing. This research trend is based on the emerging evidence on the relationship between circadian rhythm and pathophysiology and prognosis of psychiatric disorders.As performing the research on this area, the difficulty in analyzing large amount of data that are sequentially collected according to time change exists. In order to properly analyze the data in research on the circadian rhythm, it is necessary to effectively apply analysis methods of time series data. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the analysis methods of circadian rhythms that show time series data. Understanding the analysis method of circadian rhythm will be useful for utilizing clinical data in the form of a time series data in the smart medical field in the future.