[Life quality of cancer patient with or without self awareness]

Disclosure of cancer is one the main challenges in caring of patients with cancer, since it may have adverse effects on the patients quality of life. This study was done to determine life quality of cancer patient with or without self awareness. This case - control study was conducted on 300 cancer patients in Shahid Ghazi-Tabatabaei hospital in Tabriz, Iran during 2009. The cancer patients included 150 subjects aware of their cancer diagnosis as cases and 150 unaware patients as controls. The patient's quality of life was assessed Using EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and student's t-test. The mean +/- SD of quality of life among aware and unaware patients were 64.18 +/- 18.85 and 65.16 +/- 19.02, respectively. There was no significant difference of quality of life between two groups. Life social dimension in unaware patients significantly was more than aware patients [P<0.05]. Patients awareness of cancer have no effect on their quality of life

[ study of level of ethical development in nurses working in training- treatment hospitals affiliated in Tabriz university of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran]

Nurses in their daily practice need acceptable level of ethical development. There is few literature about ethical development of Iranian nurses. The aims of present study are to determine the level ethical development in nurses and its related factors. This descriptive-correlational study conducted in 2010. The study sample consisted of 269 nurses working in three training-treatment hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. These nurses selected by census sampling method. For assessing the ethical development of nurses, nursing dilemma test was used. This questionnaire was designed based on Kohlbergs' theory of ethical development and assessed ethical development in pre-convetional, conventional and post-convetional levels. The data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. Forty four nurses [16.3%] were in pre-conventional level, 86 nurses [31.8%] were in conventional level, 116 nurses [43.1%] were in post-conventional level, and 23 nurses [8.5%] were in clinical consideration level. There was negative significant correlation between ethical development of nurses with their job experience. In spite of this fact that near half of nurses are at postconventional level, but still a significant number of them are at lower levels of ethical development. These findings indicate that nursing managers should pay more attention to ethical development of nurses

[Comparing the metacognitive and pharmaceutical therapies of the obsessive compulsive disorder]

Due to the small number of studies on obsessive compulsive disorder and the existence of non-pharmaceutical treatments, it is possible to introduce the Metacognitive therapy as an alternative with long-term effects. The purpose of present study was to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy versus pharmaceutical therapy on the patients with obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. This research is a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control groups. The participants were equally assigned into two groups with 8 members, metacognitive therapy [14 sessions] and pharmaceutical therapy [one month]. Pretest and posttest were given to both groups: MCQ30, YBOCS, DASS21, BDI and II, STAY-T. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS 18 using t-test, chi-square and covariate analysis. The results showed a preference for metacognitive therapy in decreasing obsession intensity [P=0.006] with pretest mean of 50.13 +/- 2.07 and posttest mean of 10.25 +/- 2.81, negative variables of metacognition [P=0.001] with pretest mean of 15.00 +/- 2.72 and posttest mean of 11.75 +/- 2.25. A significant relationship was observed between the general functioning and the pharmaceutical therapy [P=0.042] with pretest mean of 60.25 +/- 4.83 and posttest mean of 61.75 +/- 5.28. However, no significant differences were observed between the two types of therapy as far as depression [0=0.09], worry [p=0.07] and anxiety [p=0.2] are concerned. The results indicated better results with metacognitive therapy in reducing the obsessions, stress and negative metacognitive beliefs. However, enhancing the overall functioning of the patients can be achieved with pharmaceutical therapy. There were no signification correlation between the two types of therapy for treating depression, worry and anxiety

[ comparison of the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate 2% and alcohol ethylic 70% in prevention of phlebitis]

Over 80% of hospitalized patients receive IV therapy through peripheral catheters during a hospital stay. This technique of therapy has numerous complications such as phlebitis which can affect the patient's health state. The prevalence of phlebitis in Iran is higher than other countries. So, according to high prevalence of phlebitis and insufficient researches about chlorhexidine gluconate solution as a selective disinfectant for prevention of phlebitis, research in this subject seems necessary. This research is a clinical trial study which was done on hospitalized patients in Tabriz Imam Khomeini hospital in internal wards. For this aim collectively 60 patients were studied in chlorhexidine gluconate 2% and Alcohol ethylic [Ethanol] 70%.The Samples were selected through available sampling and divided in two groups randomly. Data collecting tool was observing checklist which includes two sections: demographic characteristics and standard scale of phlebitis signs and symptoms. This research showed that incidence of phlebitis in chlorhexidine group was 36.7% and in Alcohol ethylic group was 53.3% which there was no significant differences between both groups [p>0.05]. Although there were no significant differences between using of two solutions on prevention of phlebitis, but incidence, signs and symptoms of phlebitis in chlorhexidine group was lower than Alcohol ethylic group. So, it is suggested as a selected solution for disinfecting of catheter insertion site.

[Assessing clinical education fields from the viewpoints of nursing and midwifery instructors in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2006]

Promoting clinical education quality, requires continuous assessment of the current situations in clinical education fields, identifying the strengths, and improving the weaknesses. The aim of this study was to assess clinical education fields of School of Nursing and Midwifery from the viewpoints of its faculty members. This study which is a description of current situation in clinical education fields, was carried out during the second semester of 2004-2005 academic year. The study population included clinical education teachers of school of nursing who were selected by census sampling method through 4 sessions held with the members of different departments of medical surgical, midwifery, pediatrics, health and psychiatric nursing. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire consisted of two parts: Clinical teachers' demographic data and the characteristics of clinical education field including 5 parts of the feAutres of compiled education program in the field, appropriate learning fields, method of education, method of evaluation, and other indices. Clinical teachers assessed educational departments of pediatrics [54.2 percent], medical-surgical [43.8 percent], midwifery [61.6 percent], and health and psychiatric nursing [57.5 percent] as good and excellent. Considering compiled program, clinical education fields were described as good and excellent by 74.9 percent of the participants. Some strength of this aspect included introducing the course objectives at the first day of clinical education as well as presenting references according to the references introduced by the related ministry. Appropriate position of nursing students and instructors in the field and also the unimportant role of the educational department in the management of the educational field were amongst weaknesses of this aspect. Although some aspects of clinical education field were good and excellent, improving positive aspects and modifying the weaknesses may be an effective step in clinical education quality promotion. Continuous assessment of clinical fields and comparing the current situation with the previous situation can reveal the strengths and weaknesses of clinical education

[Nature of violence toward nurses working in hospitals]

Although anyone working in hospital may become victim of physical and verbal violence, nurses who have direct contact with patients and their relatives are at high risk. The aim of this study was determination of nature and extent of violence toward nurses in hospitals. This descreptive study was carried out on 468 nurses working in hospitals in East Aazarbaijan. The data were collected through modified "workplace violence in health sector Questionnaire" after obtaining validity and reliability through test-re-test. Most violences toward nurses were verbal, physical, racial and sexual violence, respectively. Most perpetrators were relatives of patients. Reaction of most nurses was "told the person to stop". Report of incidence and organization reaction against violence was low. Findings from this study are consistent with previous researches. We suggest, preventive affairs and development new protocols for reporting of violence incidence, so that can improve workplace safety and quality of care