Residual effects of deltamthrin WG 25% as a new formulation on different surfaces against anopheles stephensi, in Southeastern Iran

Indoor residual spraying [IRS] is functioned as national interventions against malaria in southeastern foci of Iran and deltamethrin WP one of the insecticides have been used since past decade. In this study, the residual activity of the wettable granule [WG] was studied on different surfaces in hut scale trial against Anopheles stephensi in Iranshahr district, southeastern Iran. Three dosages of 25, 40 and 50 mg a.i./m2 of deltamethrin WG 25% formulation were applied on plaster, cement, mud, and wooden surfaces using Hudson[Registered] X-pert compression sprayer having 10 litters capacity. The residual effects of deltamethrin WG 25% on different surfaces was assessed based on reduction of mortality An. stepehnsi from 100% to about 70%. At 25, 40 and 50 mg a.i./m2 the WG formulation of deltamethrin had a bioefficacy for about 2, 3 and 4 months respectively. There was an expectable fluctuation in mortality of An. stephensi at different sprayed surfaces as well as dosages. The proposed 50 mg/m2 WG is the longest activity for up to 4 months which needs to be applied for two spraying cycles per year at the climatically condition of southwestern Iran

[Snake bite and scorpion sting in cities affiliated to Khorasan University of Medical Sciences during 2002-2003 in Iran]

Poisonous creatures are the main causes of stings in the world with the approximate number of 1000000 cases annualy. From this, 10% of the cases leads to short and long term disability, which causes economic and social loss. Researches focus on scorpions and snakes as the main causative agents of poisoning. There are several species of snakes and scorpions which cause the problem for cattle and human being. Preventive and curative measures are the applicable methods for their control. Scorption bite is considered as one of the important causes of health problem in tropics specially in southern parts of Iran. For instance, in rural areas of Khuzistan province there are several thousand cases among children which may cause death. Lack of information about scorpion and snake species and the treatment methods are the main causes of death among people. The main objective of this research was focusing on identification of scorpion and snake species as well as applying the results as a clue for local authorities about first aids treatment, remedies, anticerum, antivenums and their proper use for stung people. In this cohort study all the information related to scorpion and snake bites from different cities affiliated to Khorasan University of Medical Sciences was collected and the results were analyzed using EPI6 program by a computer. The results showed the total number of snake bites 11 and 43 in the years 2002 and 2003. The figures for scorpion bites were 146 and 449 respectively for the same years. Snake bite were more prevalent in Taybad city [63.6%], whereas Bardeskan, Bojnourd, Daregaz and Kashmar had the fewer cases [9%] in the year 2002. In the following year, Taybad and Bojnourd cities had the most cases [23.2% and 16.25 respectively]. Scorpion bite was more prevalent in Taybad and Bardeskan cities [60.9% and 17.8%0 for the year 2002]. For the year 2003 it was 27.8% and 24.2% respectively. There was significant difference between the cities with arid and hot climates and mountainous areas in terms of scorpion bites [P<0.05]. This difference, however, was not significant for snake bites [p>0.05]. From the results it can be concluded that Tayebad city for having high temperature, desert situation and vicinity to Afghanistan, has the highest cases of snake bites. Bardeskan city has the same climatic condition with several species of scorpion so that it was expected to have more scorpion bites in this city. In the year 2003, the rainfall was more than the previous year, resulting in more agricultural and outdoor activities. Hence it was postulated that scorpions and snakes are active during the season, therefore the number of cases was high in the year 2003