comparative evaluation of the effect of the foods with different glycemic indices on blood glucose and serum free fatty acids in cycling, male athletes

Carbohydrates are considered as the major source of energy in physical activity. Studies show that consumption of carbohydrate foods before exercise can balance blood glucose and free fatty acids and increase athletes' performance. In this study, we compared the effect of three kinds of foods with different glycemic indices on blood glucose [BG] and serum free fatty acids [FFA] in cycling ,male athletes. In this clinical trial, 21 members of national cycling team randomly allocated to three equal groups of glucose [low glycemic index]' lentil [low glycemic index] and potato [high glycemic index]. First, Fasting blood samples [5ml] were obtained to measure BG and FFA. Then the subjects were asked to eat their foods. After 45 mins of rest, they pedaled with maximal oxygen consumption VO2max for two hours and again their blood samples were taken to compare with the levels of before interventions. Glucose consumption resulted in a significant decrease in I FFA level after 2 hours of pedaling [P = 0.01] but no significant change j in BG level. Plasma glucose was higher after eating lentil than that of | potato [P<0.05], but it was not true for FFA level of both groups. Based on the results, the preexercise use of low glycemic index [lentil] compared to high glycemic index [potato] can better lead to increased blood glucose during exercise

[Comparison of effects of three diets containing "Fish Oil", "Iranian fat consumption pattern", and "standard" diet on serum glucose and insulin sensitivity in Wistar rat]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fish oil containing diet versus Iranian fat consumption pattern and standard diets on serum glucose and insulin sensitivity in Wistar rat. Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to three dietary groups: a standard diet [containing soy bean-oil], diet containing fish oil and diet containing mixed oil which was designed based on Iranian population fatty acid intake. Dams in each group were fed one of the diets during pregnancy and lactation and the pups were also weaned onto the same diet. Fasting serum glucose [Photometry] and insulin [ELISA] in pups were assessed and insulin sensitivity calculated on puberty. Fasting serum insulin in fish oil-fed group was significantly less than two other groups [P=0.018] and insulin sensitivity in fish oil-fed rats was significantly more than two other groups [P=0.002]. It seems a diet containing fish oil [rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids] causes more insulin sensitivity comparing to diet containing soy bean oil [rich in omega-6 fatty acids] and diet with Iranian population fatty acid intake pattern [rich in saturated fatty acids]

Comparison of the effects of consuming olive and sunflower oils on the fasting and postprandial blood glucose level and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic female patients

In type 2 diabetic patients, high fasting and postprandial triglyceride and decreased HDL-C levels are very common, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. This problem can be managed by dietary modifications, such as the reduction of saturated fatty acids [SFAs] intake and their substitution with monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFAs] or polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]. This study was conducted to compare the effects of consuming olive and sunflower oils as a substitute for a portion of daily dietary fat on fasting and postprandial blood glucose level and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic female patients. This randomized crossover clinical trial was conducted on 15 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes [51.7 +/- 1.2 years old]. Using a 3day 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire showed that their average daily intake of hydrogenated oil was 16.1 +/- 2.3g, 40% of total fat intake. The patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups, consuming either olive oil or sunflower oil [substituted for hydrogenated oil] for 3 weeks. After a washout period of 3 weeks, the subjects in each group switched to the other oil for the following 3 weeks. In all cases the subjects took their usual breakfast. Anthropometric measurements were made, physical activity was determined, and biochemical tests [fasting and postprandial blood sugar] were done at the beginning of the study and at the end of weeks 3, 6, and 9. Food intake was measured using the 24-h dietary recall technique and Nutritionist IV software at the same time points. As compared to sunflower oil, olive oil resulted in reductions in fasting blood glucose [p<0.01], triglycerides [p<0.01], postprandial blood triglyceride [p<0.05], and TG/HDL-C [p<0.05]. There were no significant changes in anthropometric measurements, physical activity, or dietary intake of the patients during the study. As expected, substitution of hydrogenated fat with the 2 oils resulted in significant increases in the intakes of MUFA and PUFA and decreases in the intake of SFA [P<0.01]. Considering the beneficial effects of olive oil on blood glucose and lipid profile, it can be concluded that partial substitution of dietary fat with olive oil, in preference to sunflower oil, can help reduce CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on serum Apo B and MDA in type II diabetic patients

Some animal studies have suggested that Conjugated Linoleic acid [CLA] supplementation may have therapeutic potential with respect to lipid metabolism, considered to be the most important cardiovascular disease [CVD] related risk factor, associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]. However, results from human studies on risk markers of diabetes are ambiguous. This study was carried out to determine the effect of CLA supplementation [as 50:50 proportions of c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA isomers] on serum lipid profiles, MDA, apo-B100, systolic and diastolic blood pressures in patients with T2DM. The study was a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel intervention. Participants were 39 T2DM patients [35 to 50 y, 30>BMI >25] stratified, according to sex, age and BMI into two groups. The intervention group took 3.0 g CLA/d [3x1 g, capsules], a 50:50 isomer blend of c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA] while the control group took soy bean oil as CLA placebo for 8 weeks. Blood pressure, serum lipid profile, MDA, and Apo B were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. There were no significant differences in serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, apo-B100 and MDA between the two groups after week 8; nor were any significant differences observed in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups after intervention. Results of this study suggest that short term CLA supplementation [3g/d] may not improve lipid profiles, apo-B100 and MDA concentrations in T2DM patients

[Effects of dietary omega 3-fatty acid supplementation on the serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients]

High serum concentrations of systemic and vascular inflammation markers are two major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in hemodialysis patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary omega 3-fatty acid supplementation on the serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers in these patients. The study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Forty hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to either an omega 3-fatty acid supplement or a placebo group. The patients in the omega 3-fatty acid supplement group received 2080 mg omega 3-fatty acids as 4 capsules, each containing 310 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 210 mg docosahexaenoic acid, daily for 10 weeks, while the placebo group received 4 corresponding placebo capsules containing MCT oil. At baseline and the end of week 10 of the study, 7 ml blood was collected from each patient after a 12- to 14-hour fast before dialysis and serum sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, malondealdehyde [MDA] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC] were measured. Serum sICAM-1 concentration decreased significantly in the omega 3-fatty acid supplement group at the end of week 10, compared to the baseline value [P<0.05]; the reduction was also significant in comparison with the decrease in placebo group [P<0.05]. No significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to the mean changes in the serum sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, MDA, and TAC concentrations. The results of the present study indicate that dietary omega 3-fatty acid supplements can reduce serum sICAM-1 concentration in hemodialysis patients, but it has no effect on serum systemic inflammation markers and oxidative stress

[Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on insulin sensitivity and diabetes markers in type 2 diabetic patients]

Some cell culture and animal studies have reported that Conjugated Linoleic Acids [CLAs] have several health related benefits. CLAs have been shown to have antiadipogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. While increase in insulin resistance with 10-trans, 12-cis isomer of CLA was reported in some animal studies, there are controversial results about a 50:50 isomer mixture. The object of the present study was to determine the effect of CLAs supplementation [providing equal proportions of c9, t11 and t10, c12 - CLA] on plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, beta cell function and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study was performed as an 8-week randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel intervention. Participants were 39 [19 men and 20 women] type 2 diabetic subjects [35 to 50 Y, BMI >25 and <30], stratified according to sex, age and BMI into two groups. Group one were given 3.0 g CLA/d [3x1 g capsules, a 50:50 isomer blend of c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA] and, group 2 took CLA placebos [soy bean oil] for 8 weeks. Blood sample collection after fasting and 2 hours after a standard breakfast, was done before and after the intervention in order to determine insulin, glucose, pre insulin, c-peptide and HbA1c levels. No significant differences were seen in fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C- peptide and HbA1c levels between groups or in insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and beta cell responsiveness. CLA supplementation has no effects on diabetes glucose level and insulin function and its prescription is not recommended

Comparison of the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation with and without vitamin E in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

To test the hypothesis that an n-3 fatty acids [n-3] plus vitamin E supplementation is more effective than n-3 supplementation alone in improving the clinical, laboratory and inflammatory indices in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [RA]. A total of 55 RA patients [50 female, 5 male; mean age = 47 +/- 11y], in 3 groups, were included a double-blind randomized clinical trial. The groups were assigned to treatments as follows: group 1 [G1], placebo [2 g/d MCT oil + vitamin E placebo]; group 2 [G2], n-3 fatty acids [1/2 g/d EPA/DHA] +vitamin E placebo; group 3 [G3], n-3 fatty acids [1/2 g/d EPA/DHA] + vitamin E [100 IU/d]. Clinical, inflammatory, and laboratory indicators were determined at the baseline and at the end of the 6the and 12th weeks. Intra- and inter-group comparisons of the values obtained were made using repeated measure-ANOVA and ANOVA, respectively [p<0.05]. In G2 and G3, improvements in clinical, biochemical, inflammation, and oxidative indicators, as well as in the score of health status assessment [by interview] were more pronounced than in G1 [P<0.01]. Also, compared to G1, at the end of week 12 there were higher improvements in morning stiffness and the score of health status assessment in G2 and G3 groups [P<0.05]. Combination of n-3 fatty acids with vitamin E improved most of the clinical and laboratory indices in RA patients. However, there were no significant differences between G2 and G3 other than decreased oxidation and ESR

Comparison of micronutrient intake in multiple sclerosis patients in Tehran with the recommended doses

Multiple Sclerosis [MS] is the most prevalent autoimmune disease of the nervous system in young adults. There are currently more than 30000 cases in Iran and the number is increasing everyday.The objective of this study was to measure the amount of vitamin and mineral intake in MS patients and to compare it with reference values. We randomly selected 108 relapsing-remitting MS patients from the Iranian MS society in Tehran in 2005. Two questionnaires- covering personal information and medical data- were filled for each patient. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire for the year preceding the study. The food intake recorded on the original questionnaire was changed to values in grams using [Manual for Household Measures] and then converted to corresponding amounts of nutrient ingredients by the [Nutritionist 3] program. Data analysis was performed by the SPSS software package. We calculated means and standard deviations for intake levels and applied t tests to compare the results with reference values. Women with MS took excessive amounts of vitamin A and vitamin C, while their daily intake of folate, vitamin E, vitamin D, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine and calcium was below reference values. Male patients had higher-than-recommended intake of vitamin A, phosphorous, manganese and iron. Their ingestion of folate, Vitamin D and E, magnesium, zinc, calcium and selenium was shown to be below the recommended amount. In view of these results, higher intake of vitamin D and calcium is recommended. Women should be encouraged to take more iron and folate as many symptoms of anemia mimics MS symptoms. Considering the well-known role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of MS, men should be urged to increase their ingestion of antioxidant-rich foods. It appears that nutritional assessment, dietary counseling and education are necessary for Iranian MS patients