RESUMO
Abstract Introduction The method of graft fixation is critical in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. Success of surgery is totally dependent on the ability of the implant to secure the graft inside the bone tunnel until complete graft integration. The principle of EndoButton is based on the cortical suspension of the graft. The Cross-Pin is based on graft expansion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of EndoButton and Bio Cross-Pin to fix the hamstring graft at femoral side of porcine knee joints and evaluate whether they are able to support of loading applied on graft during immediate post-operative tasks. Methods Fourteen ACL reconstructions were carried out in porcine femurs fixing superficial flexor tendons with Titanium EndoButton (n = 7) and with 6 × 50 mm HA/PLLA Bio Cross-Pin (n = 7). A cyclic loading test was applied with 50-250 N of tensile force at 1 Hz for 1000 cycles. The displacement was measured at 20, 100, 500 and 1000 load cycles to quantify the slippage of the graft during the test. Single-cycle load-to-failure test was performed at 50 N/mm to measure fixation strength. Results The laxity during cyclic loading and the displacement to failure during single-cycle test were lower for the Bio Cross-Pin fixation (8.21 ± 1.72 mm) than the EndoButton (11.20 ± 2.00 mm). The Bio Cross-Pin (112.22 ± 21.20 N.mm–1) was significantly stiffer than the EndoButton fixation (60.50 ±10.38 N.mm–1). There was no significant difference between Bio Cross-Pin (failure loading: 758.29 ± 188.05 N; yield loading: 713.67 ± 192.56 N) and EndoButton strength (failure loading: 672.52 ± 66.56 N; yield loading: 599.91 ± 59.64 N). Both are able to support the immediate post-operative loading applied (445 N). Conclusion The results obtained in this experiment indicate that the Bio Cross-Pin technique promote stiffer fixation during cyclic loading as compared with EndoButton. Both techniques are able to support the immediate post-operative loading applied.
RESUMO
Introduction The rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common type of knee injury. Reconstructive surgery is the ‘gold standard’ treatment. During the immediate post-operative period, the fixation of the graft is entirely dependent on the ability of the grafted implant to be secured inside the bone tunnel under the cyclical loads associated with daily tasks. Poor fixation can lead to graft slippage, thus impairing the healing and integration of the graft. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of tendon graft fixation devices with metallic and bioabsorbable interference screws. Methods Twenty ACL reconstructions were carried out in porcine tibias using deep flexor tendons to fix 9 × 20 mm metallic (n=10) and PLLA 70/30 bioabsorbable screws (n=10). To verify the ability of a construct to resist immediate postoperative (PO) rehabilitation protocols for immediate load bearing, a cyclic loading test was applied with 50-250 N of tensile force at 1 Hz for 1000 cycles, and the displacement was measured at 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 load cycles to quantify the slippage of the graft during the test. After the cyclic loading test, a single-cycle load-to-failure test was applied. Results The slippage of the graft using metallic screws did not differ (P = 0.616) from that observed when using bioabsorbable screws. Conclusion The results obtained in this experiment indicate that metallic screws may promote a similar amount of graft slippage during low cyclic loading as bioabsorbable screws. Additionally, there was no difference in the biomechanical performance of these two types of screws during high failure loads.
RESUMO
OBJETIVO: Por ser a articulação mecanicamente mais solicitada de nossa estrutura e pelo grande número de lesões associadas, motivaram a construção de um modelo tridimensional da articulação do joelho humano para simular a cinemática da articulação e obter as solicitações mecânicas nos principais ligamentos durante o movimento de flexão do joelho. Essas informações podem futuramente ser empregada como ferramenta de apoio à decisão médica em ortopedia, fornecendo subsídios na escolha do procedimento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Método dos Elementos Finitos foi utilizado para construir um modelo biomecânico, tridimensional, da articulação do joelho. Nesse modelo com seis graus de liberdade é aplicado movimento de flexão/extensão sendo os demais cinco graus de liberdade governados pelas interações entre os componentes da articulares. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidas informações dos movimentos, das rotações interna/externa e adução/abdução, das translações anterior/posterior, lateral/medial e superior/inferior e dos esforços nos quatro principais ligamentos articulares, no decorrer de um amplo movimento de flexão/extensão. Estes valores foram comparados, de forma qualitativa, com valores equivalentes obtidos na literatura. CONCLUSÃO: A análise de resultados permitiu observar que vários aspectos cinemáticos são satisfatoriamente reproduzidos. A pré-carga inicial dos ligamentos e o posicionamento das inserções ligamentares no modelo mostraram-se variáveis relevantes nos resultados.
OBJECTIVE: The knee joint is the part of our structure upon which most mechanical demands are placed and a large number of lesions are associated to it. These factors motivated the construction of a three-dimensional model of the human knee joint in order to simulate joint kinematics and obtain the mechanical demands on the main ligaments during knee flexion movements. METHODS: The finite elements method was used to build a three-dimensional, biomechanical model of the knee joint. In this model with six degrees of freedom, the flexion/extension movement is applied, while the other five degrees of freedom are governed by the interactions between joint components. RESULTS: Data was collected on the movements, on the internal/external and adduction/ abduction rotations, on the anterior/posterior, lateral/medial and upper/lower translations, and on the forces acting upon the four main joint ligaments, during a wide flexion/extension movement. These values were qualitatively compared with comparable values available in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed through an analysis of the results that several kinematic aspects are satisfactorily reproduced. The initial pre-load of the ligaments and the positioning of the ligament insertions in the model were shown to be relevant variables in the results.