RESUMO
Background: About 50% cases of recurrent miscarriages are idiopathic. The association of fibrinolytic defects with recurrent pregnancy failure is a novel research avenue and was first recommended in early 1990s. High Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1] levels are found to be associated with recurrent miscarriage in various studies. The association of Plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 with recurrent pregnancy loss and its various variables are detrermined
Methods: This study was conducted at Ziauddin University Hospital Karachi, from Feb 2014 to Nov 2014. All non pregnant and non-obese women with history of consecutive two or more miscarriages, with no co-morbid diseases, visiting a gynecologist were included. Studied variables included were age, BMI, no. of miscarriages, time of miscarriage and plasma PAI-1 levels. The data was expressed in terms of median and percentages with a confidence interval of 95%. Analysis was done on SPSS version 20
Results: The median age of females was found to be 27.34+/- 5.09 years. Out of seventy five females with history of recurrent miscarriages, [81.3%] [n=61] women had Plasma PAI-1 levels within normal range whereas [18.7%] [n=14] had value greater than normal. The median plasma PAI-1 was found to be 29.6+/-22.16 ng/ml
Conclusion: PAI-1 was not found to be a risk factor for recurrent miscarriages in a local population of Karachi. Furthermore, studies on a large sample size need to be undertaken to assess the role of PAI-1in our population
RESUMO
Nocturnal enuresis is a common childhood problem which affects around 15-25% of 5 year olds and upto 2% of young adults. The etiology is multifactorial and a number of theories have been proposed. Studies indicate a hereditary basis for nocturnal enuresis. A detailed history, relevant physical examination and urinalysis is important for evaluation. Non-pharmacological treatment is preferred due to a high success rate and no potential adverse effects. A positive approach by the physician is necessary to enhance the motivation of the family and the child in the treatment