RESUMO
To determine the fibrinoid necrosis and hyalinization extent in placenta observed in normal, diabetic and hypertensive pregnancies. Comparative cross-sectional study. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from 2008-2010. One hundred and fifty placentae were divided in three groups on the basis of their histories and clinical examination. Group A [control], Group B [Diabetic] and Group C [Hypertensive], each consisted of 50 samples. The samples were transferred to Dow Diagnostic Reference and Research Laboratory for histopathology and gross examination. The tissue samples were taken from different sites, processed and routine staining done. The slides were then examined under light microscope for hyalinization and fibrinoid necrosis. The data was analyzed by applying ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey at 95% confidence interval. Mean +/- standard deviations [SD] were computed. The mean number of hyalinized villi in control group was 0.54 +/- 0.908, 1.18 +/- 1.9540 in the diabetic group and 2.14 +/- 1.863 in the hypertensive group. The difference in their average turned out to be statistically significant [p-value < 0.001]. Mean number of villi having fibrinoid necrosis was statistically significant in both the diabetic and hypertensive groups as compared to the control group i.e. 13.98 vs. 4.02 and 10.08 vs. 4.02 respectively [p-value < 0.001]. There was significantly greater fibrinoid necrosis and hyalinization in placentae from mothers having diabetes and hypertension. The fibrinoid necrosis was seen more in diabetic group as compared to hypertensive and control, while hyalinization was observed more frequently in hypertensive group as compared to the other groups. Placental changes as seen in examination of delivered placentae will be helpful in preventing the adverse effects in successive pregnancies
RESUMO
To determine the toxic effects of lead on the germinal epithelium of testes of albino rat. Experimental study. Basic Medical Sciences Institute. Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from August 2003 to December 2005. Forty adult Albino rats selected for the study were divided into two groups; group A, received injection normal saline 1 ml intraperitoneally daily for eight weeks. Group B received lead chloride in a dose of 10 mg / kg body weight intraperitoneally daily. The testes were removed and fixed in Bouin's fluid for 24 hours. They were dehydrated in ascending strength of alcohol and the paraffin blocks were made. Four micro m thick tissue sections were obtained, stained with PAS Iron Hematoxylin method and the morphometric study was done. Students T-test was used for statistical analysis. Student's T test was used to determinate significance; P value = 0.05 was taken significant. Mean +/- SEM diameter of seminiferous tubules was 291.92+1.11706mm and 198.54 +/- 1.67282mm in groups A and B respectively after eight week of treatment. Mean diameter of seminiferous tubule of group B was decreased significantly [P<0.0001] as compared to groups A. Mean +/- SEM thickness of germinal epithelium was 96.19 +/- 1.01215 mm and 50.69 +/- 1.20064mm in groups A and B respectively after eight week of treatment. Mean thickness of germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules of group B was decrease significantly [P<0.0001] as compare to group A. Heavy metal lead present in environment had direct toxic effects on male germinal epithelium and produced damaged on male germinal epithelium