Effect of chewing gum on pain in fixed orthodontic treatment

Objective: To assess the intensity of orthodontic pain with and without the use of chewing gum during fixed orthodontic treatment in two groups of patients presenting at the Orthodontic Department of Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi

Methods: The study was conducted at the Orthodontic Department of Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan. The sample population of this study was thirty adult patients who were planned to initiate fixed orthodontic appliance treatment. In this study, a parallel group clinical trial was conducted with two analogous groups, one was asked to chew gum following orthodontic bracket placement and second was asked not to chew gum. Up until the working wire was placed, the patients filled a questionnaire of Impact of Fixed Appliances after 24hrs and 1week. In order to analyze the intensity of pain, a visual analogue scale [VAS] was used

Results: At the initial 24hrs, among both chewing gum and non chewing gum groups, the difference in median Total Impact Score was 2, which means there was considerable difference [p=0.034; Mann-Whitney U test]

Whereas, the median difference of VAS among the two groups at 24 hours was also 2, also depicting there was considerable difference [p=0.03; Mann-Whitney U test]. However, after 1 week, there was no significant difference in both groups

Conclusion: Both the pain and impact of fixed orthodontic appliance was reduced by using chewing gum

Facts sheets of cartilage tumors. classifications and differential diagnosis - review article

Tumors, which differentiate to cartilage, share characteristic features for the production of chondroid matrix by these tumor cells. The cartilage tumors are ranged from completely benign lesions to highly malignant. These are subdivided by location into peripheral, surface, central and intramedullary lesions. Benign bone tumors are a group of neoplasms that are most frequent in children and young adults, although they may also present in later stages of life. The malignant cartilage tumors affect bones and joints but rarely as compared to osteogentic tumors. The Malignant tumors cannot be differentiated from benign simply by biopsy without radiographic evidence. However, CT and MRI imaging may be of some use in defining the extent of tumour spread locally

Axillary lymph node status in primary breast carcinoma; association of axillary lymph node status with ER/PR, HER2/NEU and MMP-I in primary breast carcinoma

The most important prognostic factor in patients of breast carcinoma is axillary lymph node metastasis. Current study was conducted to find the frequency of lymph node metastasis in hundred cases of primary breast carcinoma and association of lymph node status with immunohistochemical expression of ER/PR,HER2/neu and MMP-1[matrix metalloproteinase-1]. Descriptive study. Aug 2012 to Jun 2013. U.H.S laboratory of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology Lahore. One hundred mastectomy specimens with axillary lymph node dissection were included. After gross examination, tissue processing and microtomy the tissue slices of 4 micrometer were taken on frosted and lysine coated slides. H/E and IHC for ER/PR,HER2/neu and MMP-1 were done according to protocol. Among 100 breast cancer subjects, 72 were positive for lymph node metastasis while 28 subjects were negative. A significant association between lymph node status and ER IHC expression was noticed. When Chi square test was applied with p-value of 0.001 was observed.Also a significant association between lymph node status and PR IHC expression was noticed. Chi square test was applied and the p-value of 0.004 was obtained.Association between lymph node status and HER2/neu IHC expression was analysed. Chi square test was applied with a p-value of 0.467 was obtained [not significant].A significant association between lymph node status and MMP-1 IHC expression was observed. Chi square test was applied anda p-value of 0.004 was obtained. Most of the primary breast carcinomas were presented with axillary lymph node metastasis [72%].Significant associations were observed between lymph node status and ER/PR immuonohistochemical expressions however the association between HER2/neu IHC and lymph node status was not statistically significant. The immunohistochemical expression of MMP-1 is significantly associated with lymph node status. It shows that it is an important marker for metastatic potential in breast carcinoma

Association of various factors with infantile colic

To assess the association of various factors with infantile colic. This case control study was done at Government Sardar Begum Hospital Sialkot in the period from January 2011 to December 2011. Infants visiting the outpatient department for colic were included in the study. For every infant data was collected on structured Proforma for various factors associated with infantile colic. Cases of colic were identified by applying Wessel's criteria, calculations were made using SPSS version 19, P-value, odds ratio and 95% Confidence interval were calculated and significance of various factors were evaluated. Out of the 735 infants who visited the outpatient department for colic, only 125 infants that fulfilled Wessel's criteria were included in the study. Similarly 125 age matched controls were also selected. The factors that were found significantly associated with infantile colic include, stress during pregnancy, being first born, breast feeding, improper feeding/burping techniques, GER, umbilical/inguinal hernia and disturbed sleep pattern. However no statistical significance was found for the following factors, illness in pregnancy, nutritional status, mode of delivery, educational status, maternal pulses intake, socioeconomic status of family, parental age, birth weight and gestational and stool frequency. Reducing the maternal stress during pregnancy, educating the first time mother about handling of infant may be helpful in reducing colic in infants