history of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic and its impact on Iran

Approximately ninety two years ago, the worst influenza pandemic or "Spanish flu" occurred in 1918, at the end of the First World War [WWI, 1914-1918] which resulted in the deaths of millions of people worldwide. The death toll exceeded the total number of victims of WWI. The 1918 Spanish flu was a deadly, major global event that affected many countries, including Iran. In Iran, it was accompanied by a high mortality rate estimated to be more than one million. However, detailed information on the impact of this outbreak in Iran is scarce. The present paper describes a brief history of the influenza pandemics in the world as well as the spread of the 1918 Spanish flu to Iran

brief history of the discovery of the circulation of blood in the human body

The present article describes briefly the development of the theories regarding the circulation of blood in humans, from the time of Galen [second century C.E.] to the work of William Harvey [17th century C.E.]. We shall summarize the views of Galen together with those of two prominent Iranian physicians of the Middle Ages [Razi and Ahwazi known in the West as Rhazes and Haly Abbas respectively] as well as that of Ibn-Nafis from Damascus [the discoverer of the pulmonary circulation] and the Spanish physician and cleric Michael Servetus and finally the definitive work of William Harvey, the English physician who described the mechanism of both the systemic and pulmonary circulation of blood in the human body