Common trend of antibiotics usage in a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Pakistan

Antibiotics are used to eradicate the pre- and postoperative infections in surgical procedures and in all others medical cases. However, inappropriate and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents can potentially have a number of problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, an increased number of patients experiencing adverse drug events, and increased drug-related cost have been documented. The objective of the study was to determine the trend of use of antibiotics and hospitalisation of patients in various units of a tertiary care hospital, to investigate practice variation of antimicrobial agents within the hospital, and to identify and document any opportunity for its improvement. A questionnaire containing relevant information about the study was prepared. Patients' age, sex, diagnosis, duration of hospital stay and type of antibiotic used were recorded and analysed, with particular reference to antibiotic group and disease pattern, in 3 different treatment areas of Hayatabad Medical Complex [HMC], Peshawar, Pakistan, from July 2006 to June 2007. During the period under report, a total of 519 patients were studied for their disease and the type of antibiotics used. The leading type of antibiotics reported were 3rd generation antibiotic used on 147 [28.33%] patients in the 3 units collectively, 1[st] generation 127 [24.47%], and penicillin 99 [19.08%], while macrolides were the least used. The available resources are needed to be effectively utilised, to minimise the hospital stay due to rational use of antibiotics, and to minimise burden of antibiotics on poor patients

Relationship between blood groups and male infertility

Blood is man's complete and unchangeable identity. The ABO and Rh groups are recognised as major and clinically significant blood groups. Blood group antigens are not only important in relation to blood transfusion and organ transplantation, but also have been utilised in genetic research, anthropology and tracing ancestral relation of humans. The objective the present study is to examine the blood group antigens in infertile men for assessing the relationship to male infertility and to know the frequency of various blood groups among infertile males in our population. A total of 1,521 patients along with 460 proven fathers as controls were recruited for the present study from both rural and urban areas of Pakistan and referred to Department of Reproductive Physiology/Health, Public Health Divisions, NIH, Islamabad, during 2002 to 2006. Blood grouping [ABO] and Rhesus factors [Rh] was done by the antigen antibody agglutination test. Overall distribution of blood groups in the studied population of 1,521 subjects was 35.50%, 28.27%, 26.89% and 9.34% for blood groups O, B, A and AB respectively. The ratio of control to patient was 1:3.3. The present preliminary study revealed that in our population the prevalence of male infertility in blood group O is invariably higher than in all other ABO blood groups, showing a strong relationship between blood group O and male infertility

Childhood injuries seen at emergency department DHQ hospital Rawalpindi in 2007

To determine the frequency and pattern of injuries in children less than 15 years of age. 500 oases are studied in children less than 15 years of age at Emergency Department, DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi. Emergency Department DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi. Retrospective study to determine the relative frequency and pattern of injuries in children less than 15 yrs of age. A total number of 500 children were seen in ED and ages ranged from 1 month to 15 years. There were 321 males and 179 Females representing about 61.2% and 35.8% female respectively with ratio of about 2: 1. A total no of 210 children were injured by fall. In 0-5 year age group fall is either from stair furniture, beds or walker. In 5-15 years age group the playground injuries like fall from owings, slide and sea saws. The injuries were mostly on head and upper limbs

Morbidity and mortality of firearm injury in Peshawar region

Firearm injuries cause significant morbidity and mortality among its victims. The present study, carried out at a major tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Pakistan was aimed at highlighting the extent and severity of firearm-related morbidity and resultant mortality despite expert medical care. All victims of firearm injury brought to the Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Emergency Department and thereafter admitted to hospital wards during the period mid-2006 to mid-2007 were included in the study prospectively regardless of age, gender or socio-economic status. Data relevant to the background of firearm use, type of firearm used, types and extents of injuries, clinical condition of the patients and final outcome were collected on performas and entered into SPSS 15.0 for analysis. Seventy-four cases of firearm injury were recorded during the study period, with a predominant male to female ratio [9.6:1]. Most victims [79.7%] were in the age group of 15-35 years. Although there were more cases from Peshawar [28.4%], there was no major referral pattern noted. High velocity weapons were used in 95.9% of cases and homicide was the main motive for injury [60.8%]. Injuries were sustained most frequently in the abdomen and pelvis [44.6%] and 67.6% of victims sustained internal injuries. There were only 5 [6.8%] deaths from firearm injuries. It is concluded, the young males of the population must be targeted for lifestyle adjustments such as training to refrain from anger or disputes [usually over petty things] and to prevent the easy access of firearms as a weapon to settle disputes