Frequency and pattern of gynecological problems of adolescent girls attending outpatient department, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh

Background: Adolescent is a stage of development tangent, like a bridge of childhood and adulthood. It is the healthiest age group of our society which is almost 20% of our total population. World health organization (WHO) defines adolescents are in the 10-19 year in age group. One of the major physiological changes that take place in adolescent girls is the onset of menarche, which is often associated with problems of irregular menstruation, excessive bleeding and dysmenorrhea.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 668 female adolescent aged 10-19 years irrespective of their marital status visiting the OPD of obstetrics and gynecology department of BSMMU. All data was analyzed using SPSS program version 22.0.Results: Results were expressed in frequencies or percentages. Of the 668 adolescent girls, 418 (62.6%) had different type of menstrual disorder. Of these 418 cases about 127 (30.38%) of them were a case of puberty menorrhagia, 109 (26.07%) cases were oligomenorrhoea and 91 (21.77%) were amenorrhea. Other presentations were pre-vaginal discharge, vulval itching, lower abdominal pain, dysuria, feeling lump in lower abdomen, mastalgia, feeling lump in the breast, discharge from breast, acne, hirsutism.Conclusions: This study shows more than half of adolescent girls are having menstrual disorder. Adolescent gynecology needs increased awareness and greater attention to improve the quality of their life. Setting up a separate adolescent clinic is necessary for efficient management of adolescent problem.

Investigation of Diarrheal Stool from Hospitalized Patient and Compare Their Soci-economical Condition, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Aims: This study was possible to identify factors associated with the severity of different pathogens and duration of hospitalization in diarrheal patients from stool depending and find the difference in the socio-economical background of their families. Study Design: Samples were collected from 60 hospitalized patients in Upazila Health Complex; Munshigonj, Bangladesh who were infected by diarrhoea from 2013. The study population included infants, young children and adults Methods: Stool samples were collected from the patient’s in clear, transparent, wide mouthed bottles. Information was also obtained from each patient regarding age, sex, feeding patterns, and maternal education. The study was conducted in Centre for Excellence Laboratory (CEL) Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results: A total of 60 samples were collected of which 50% was positive isolates. Among these isolates Salmonella was detected in 40% and E. coli in 30% of the positives. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the Salmonella sp. were highly sensitive (90%) to Ceftriaxone, moderately sensitive to Ciprofloxacin; Salmonella and E. coli strains showed 100% resistance towards Cotrimoxazole, Ampicillin, Tetracycline and Nalidixic acid. Conclusion: To addresses this issue, antibiotic therapy should be taken into consideration along with the pathogen. In addition, the incidence of pathogens in human can be traced primarily to faulty weaning practices and poor personal hygiene.

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Alpinia nigra Fruit Extract in Laboratory Animals.

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the ethanol extract of fruit of Alpinia nigra (Zingiberaceae). Study Design: Assessment of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between June 2012 and February 2013. Methodology: The crude extract was investigated for anti-inflammatory effect on Long Evans rats using carrageenan induced paw edema method. For anti-inflammatory study, 20 rats were divided into 4 different groups each receiving either distilled water, standard drug or the extract at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot plate; acetic acid induced writhing method in Swiss Albino mice divided into 4 different groups (control, standard diclofenac sodium and extract at two different doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight). Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides in significant amounts. The present study assessed anti-inflammatory activity of its fruit extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg against carrageenan induced paw edema in long Evans rats. Both the extracts were able to show a dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity as compared to diclofenac sodium used as a standard. The extract elicited a highly significant (p<0.001) analgesic activity in a dose dependent manner on hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of the ethanol fruit extract of A. nigra may be due to the presence of various chemical constituents especially flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids or terpenoids. These experimental findings would further establish the scientific basis of the traditional uses of the plant in the management of inflammatory conditions as well as control of pain.

Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses to Commonly Consumed Potatoes in Bangladeshi Type 2 Diabetic Subjects.

Glycemic indices (GIs) and insulin responses are useful for measuring biological effects and consequences of carbohydrates when designing healthy diets, particularly for people with or at risk of developing diabetes and others disorders such as metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated GIs and insulin (as measured by C-peptide) responses of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to Bangladeshi potatoes and sweet potatoes. Using a cross-over design, ten T2DM subjects consumed equivalent carbohydrate amounts (50 g of total carbohydrate) of either the vegetables or white bread (WB) (as reference food). Serum glucose levels were determined after 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes, and C-peptide levels were determined at 0 and 180 minutes. Glycemic Indices and Glycemic Loads (GLs) were calculated. Both plain and sweet potatoes showed a significantly higher serum glucose response compared to the reference food. The similar glycemic response between plain and sweet potatoes was reflected in their GI values: 162  50 and 191  66, respectively. The GL values were 8 and 11, respectively. The substantially higher glycemic response and GI values of the two potatoes were not the consequence of a suppressed insulin response. Compared to the mean values of the international table, Bangladeshi potatoes and sweet potatoes are very high GI foods. However, based on the dietary practices in our society, potatoes and sweet potatoes may be used as low and medium GL foods, respectively. This work may help create a better food exchange table for diabetic patients.