Molecular Detection of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-eat Cowhide (‘Ponmo’) Collected from Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

Aims: Ready-to-eat [RTE] animal products like ponmo are preferred by consumers due to its palatability and quality. However, foodborne pathogens particularly Staphylococcus aureus are sources of concern due to cross-contamination of raw and cooked cowhide. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in ready-to-eat locally processed cowhide. Methodology: Sixty (60) RTE cowhide samples were collected from different locations in Lagos, Nigeria and analyzed using conventional microbiological and molecular techniques for the detection of toxigenic S. aureus contamination. Suspected S. aureus isolates were confirmed by the presence of thermostable endonuclease [nuc] gene in their genome. Results: Result showed that 25 (41.67%) and 20 (33.50%) samples harbored coagulase-positive S. aureus and 20 other bacterial species different from S. aureus, respectively while 15 (24.83%) of the tested ponmo samples yielded no bacterial growth. Thirteen of the 15 randomly selected from the 25 suspected isolates were confirmed as S. aureus by the presence of thermostable endonuclease [nuc] gene in their genome. Enterotoxigenic genes were confirmed in all the 13 PCR detected S. aureus. Enterotoxin B gene is most prevalent in ponmo. Multiplex PCR detection of S. aureus enterotoxins [SE] genes revealed the molecular detection of different isolates carrying staphylococcal enterotoxin types A and B, mixed strain carrying both staphylococcal enterotoxins type A and type D. Antibiotic susceptibility of 20 S. aureus isolates revealed varying degrees of susceptibility patterns against the antimicrobial agents. Generally, gentamicin 70% (14/20), azithromycin 75% (15/20), co-trimoxazole 85% (17/20), levofloxacin 95% (19/20) were the most effective antibiotics to S. aureus. A low, ?50% susceptibility was recorded to chloramphenicol 55% (11/20) and nitrofurantoin 65% (13/20). A higher resistance to streptomycin (90%; 18/20) and ceftazidime (95%; 19/20) was identified, with resistance to ceftazidime being the highest (95%; 19/20). Conclusion: It can be concluded that RTE ponmo vended in the study sites is of low hygienic quality and may be of health risk to consumers. High level hygiene practice and good manufacturing practices are required during the production, distribution and marketing of ponmo to curb the potential health consequences of eating ponmo.

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Properties from the Extract and Fractions of Annona senegalensis Pers (Annonaceae) Stem Bark Grown in Nigeria

Aim: This study was carried out to assess the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of the extract and fractions of Annona senegalensis stem bark through in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Study Design: The study followed a completely randomized design (CRD) of groups of treatments and control samples for all the tests. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, between January and September 2016. Methodology: Phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities using different models (reducing power, DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, Hydroxyl radical scavenging, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, β-carotene bleaching, FRAP scavenging and superoxide radical scavenging assays) were carried out. In vivo antioxidant activity was determined from the assays of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and total protein while hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCI4 induced liver damage and elevated serum marker enzymes. Results: The results showed that the extract and fractions of stem bark of A. senegalensis had appreciable amounts of total flavonoids (845.67±93.62 mg/g) and total phenols (866.67±8.41), and exhibited good antioxidant activities at higher concentrations. Doses of the extract and fractions administered at 400 mg/kg protected the CCI4–induced lipid peroxidation and significantly (P = .05) reduced the elevated serum marker enzymes - aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP), and bilirubin level on a dose and solvent dependent fashion. At 200 and 400 mg/kg extract, the serum AST was reduced (by 40.34% and 45.66% respectively) as much as the MeOH fraction (43.88%) and control (43.44%), whereas EtOAc fractions gave significantly the best reduction (52.49%). The ethyl acetate fraction gave the best activity among all the fractions. Conclusion: The results showed that the stem bark is a potential source of natural antioxidants and hepatoprotective agents, and justifies its use in traditional herbal practice.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Sabicea brevipes Wernham (Rubiaceae)

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the leaf extract and fractions of Sabicea brevipes were studied. Theleaveswere defatted and the marc extracted with methanol. The extractwas further purified by solvent-solvent partitioning using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol to obtain the three solvent fractions. They were screened for phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids. Total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were determined quantitatively. The antimicrobial test was screened in vitroby agar diffusion method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference at p ≤ 0.05 in all study groups. The methanol extract exhibited the most significant amount of phenolics (110.78 ± 1.06 mg GAE/g) while ethyl acetate fraction had the least total phenolics content (50.55 ± 2.91 mg GAE/g). The same trend was observed for the total flavonoids content whereas the methanol extractmeasured (418.40 ± 14.03 mg QE/g) while ethyl acetate fraction had 192.40 ± 3.06 mg QE/g. Total tannins contents were: methanol extract (102.22 ± 7.58 mg GAE/g) and ethyl acetate (27.33 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant results showed that the methanol extract had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability (93.69%) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.601± 0.02 and also highest ferric ion reducing power (50.381 ± 1.56 μmol Fe2+/g). Also, the methanol extract showed high total antioxidant capacity (96.79 ± 0.31 mg AAE) and IC50of 0.798± 0.01. The antimicrobial results revealed that the methanol extract showed better activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, andCandida albicans than the solvent fractions at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, mg/mL having various inhibition zone diameters (IZDs). The methanol extract and fractions of S. brevipescompared favourably in terms of zone of inhibition and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) with the standard drug disc (Gentamycin and Ketoconazole) against the tested microorganisms. The MIC of the extract and solvent fractions ranged from 6.31 mg/mL to 50.12 mg/mL. The continual use of the extract of Sabicea brevipesin preventing oxidative stress and in the treatment of common infection is justified by these results.

Análisis de los premios a la investigación en gastroenterología: Experiencia en México / Critical analysis of awards in gastroenterology research: The Mexican experience

El impacto internacional de la investigación gastroenterológica mexicana es limitado. Se desconoce cuál ha sido el resultado final de los trabajos de mejor calidad a nivel nacional de acuerdo a la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el patrón de publicación e impacto en las publicaciones periódicas internacionales de los trabajos premiados por la AMG. Se revisaron las memorias del congreso anual de la AMG, período 1998-2006. Se seleccionaron resúmenes donde se indicara premiación o presentación en sesión plenaria. Los trabajos identificados fueron buscados en bases de datos electrónicas, o bien se contactó alguno de los autores para solicitar la información relacionada. De aquellos trabajos publicados en revistas con factor de impacto se buscaron las citas relacionadas. Se localizaron 35 premios, 57.1% fueron en el área de gastroenterología y 34.3% en hepatología. Las instituciones con los premios son Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (48.6%), Instituciones de Educación Superior (31.4%), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (8.6%), Fundación Clínica Médica Sur (5.7%), Hospital Juárez (2.9%), Hospital privado (2.9%). De estos se han publicado 19 (54.8%), la mayoría antes de un año (73.7%). Unicamente dos de los trabajos publicados tienen registradas <10 citas en revistas con factor de impacto. La mitad de los trabajos meritorios de premiación han sido publicados. La mayoría se publican en revistas de circulación nacional. El impacto de estos trabajos a nivel internacional es limitado.

The impact of Mexican gastrointestinal research worldwide is limited and the outcome of the best research papers awarded by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG) is unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the publication pattern of the research work, awarded by the AMG and their impact in international journals. The abstracts accepted for the annual meeting of the AMG from 1998 to 2006 were reviewed. Those presented in a plenary session or awarded were included. Their abstracts were searched in electronic databases. When not found, the main author was contacted by e-mail. In those papers published in a journal with an impact factor, the times it was cited were assessed. 35 abstracts were identified, mainly in gastroenterology (57.1%) and hepatology (34.3). Only in 5.7% (n=2) some of the authors were members of the governing board of AMG. The awarded institutions were Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (48.6%), Universities (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla) (31.4%), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (8.6%), Fundación Clínica Médica Sur (5.7%), Hospital Juárez (2.9%), Private hospital (2.9%). Most of the papers were published within a year (73.7%). Only 2 papers had more than 10 citations in another international journal with impact factor, with a median for all paper of 5 citations (045). Considering all institutions, the rate of publication is 48%. Only half of the awarded works were published and mainly in journals of local distribution. The impact of these studies worldwide is limited.

Reacción en cadena de la Polimerasa cuantitativa en tiempo real: Un ensayo esencial para la definición y el manejo de la Hepatitis Crónica B

Introducción: la gran demanda de un método confiable, reproducible, específico y altamente sensible para la cuantificación de ácidos nucleicos (ADN/ ARN), marcó el desarrollo de los ensayos de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa cuantitativa (RCPc) en tiempo real. Objetivo: descripción y análisis de la RCPc en tiempo real para la definición y el manejo actual de los pacientes con hepatitis crónica B (HCB). Material y Método: fueron investigadas cuarenta muestras de suero provenientes de portadores conocidos del VHB empleando RCPc tiempo real mediante el sistema Rotor-Gene 3000 (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). Resultados: el sistema utilizado para RCPc tiempo real detecta secuencias de ADN VHB en un amplio rango que puede ser expresado tanto en copias/ml como en UI/ml. Su aplicación permite la clasificación final de los diferentes portadores del VHB, ilustrándose su utilidad en el seguimiento secuencial de aquellos pacientes con HCB en tratamiento. Conclusión: la detección y la medición de secuencias de ADN VHB, en muestras clínicas de suero mediante RCPc en tiempo real, aporta mayor sensibilidad y precisión para definir la historia natural y el estado de replicación viral de los portadores crónicos del VHB antes, durante y posterior al tratamiento.

Introduction: The great need of a reliable, reproducible, specific and highly sensitive method to detect nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), induced the development of real-time quantitative assays based on polymerase chain reaction (real time PCRq). Objective: Description and analysis of a real time PCRq assay for the definition and management of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Material and Method: Forty serum samples from known HBV carriers were investigated employing real-time PCRq by means of a Rotor-Gene 3000 system (Corbett Research,Sydney,Australia). Results: the system for realtime PCRq detects a wide range of HBV DNA sequences which could be expressed either in copies/mL or in IU/mL .Its application allows the final classification of different HBV carrier status. An illustration of its usefulness in the sequential follow-up of patients on treatment for CHB is made. Conclusion: the detection and measure of HBV DNA sequences in clinical serum samples through real-time PCRq is more sensitive and exact to define the natural history and the status of viral replication in HBV chronic carriers before, during and after treatment.

Trastornos de coagulación en el cirrótico / Coagulation disorders in cirrhosis

The liver plays a central role in the clotting process. In this organ are sintetizated the major part of the coagulation factors. Historically, was considered that alteration in liver function causes important bleeding disorders. However, actual evidence is not in agreement with this asseveration. Decreased synthesis of clotting and inhibitor factors, decrease clearance of activated factors, quantitative and qualitative platelet defects, hyperfibrinolysis and intravascular coagulation are some of the defects observed in liver diseases. Thrombotic events, even if rare in cirrhotic patients, occur manly in the portal and mesenteric veins. The aim of the present work is to review the present evidence in coagulation disorders and liver disease.

El hígado participa de manera importante en el proceso de la coagulación. En él se sintetizan la mayor parte de los factores pro- y anticoagulantes. De manera histórica se ha considerado que las alteraciones en la función de este órgano provoca trastornos predisponentes para eventos de sangrado. La evidencia actual pone en tela de juicio esta aseveración. En los casos de hepatopatía se hacen evidentes alteraciones en el número y funcionamiento de las plaquetas, disminución de la síntesis de factores de la coagulación, disfibrinogenemia, alteraciones en la fibrinólisis, deficiencia de vitamina K y cambios similares a los ocurridos en la coagulación intravascular diseminada (CID). El presente trabajo está dirigido a revisar los conocimientos actuales respecto a las alteraciones de la coagulación presentes en los pacientes con hepatopatías.

Estudio descriptivo sobre ataques y mordeduras de animales en el Município de San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1996-1998 / Descriptive study of animal attacks and bites in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1996-1998

The present study described the frequency of animal bites and attacks in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico between the fiscal years 1996 through 1998. A total of 275 cases were reported to the San Juan Local Office of Environmental Health. The distribution of cases by gender was equal, and persons aged 18 years or older had the highest frequency of animal bites and attacks (52.9 percent). The animal species reported to be involved in the majority of animal bites was the dog (81.1 percent). Upper extremities were involved in 43 percent of these injuries. Animal bites caused by dogs were more often reported among male victims (87.4 percent) (p = 0.031). Approximately 41 percent of dog bites and attacks and 75 percent of bites and attacks caused by other animal species were documented as provoked (p = 0.002). More than 75 percent of the injuries in the head, face or neck involved children < 13 years whereas 65.9 percent of the injuries in the upper extremities involved adults (> 18 years) (p = 0.001). Animal bites and attacks in the upper extremities were more prominent among injuries caused by an animal species different to the dog (71 percent) (p < 0.001). We conclude that animal bites and attacks is a public health concern in light of the increasing pet population. Therefore, educational strategies towards the general population must stress careful supervision of the human-animal interaction as well as the general procedures to follow in case of an injury.

Fractura de cadera en el anciano con alteraciones psiquiátricas. Experiencia en el Hospital Español de México / Fracture of the hip in elderly when psychiatric alterations there exist

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional a 5 años entre 1993 y 1998 de 33 pacientes que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias, mayores de 80 años de edad por fractura a nivel de cadera, 28 del sexo femenino y 5 masculino. Se obtuvieron variables demográficas, antecedentes personales, farmacológicos y psiquiátricos. Se valoraron Rx AP de pelvis en posición neutral y axial de cadera, índice morfológico cortical, índice de Sing y tipo de fractura. Se utilizaron las clasificaciones de Tronzo y Pawels según el tipo topográfico. Se colocaron 21 hemiartroplastías, de éstas, 4 con fractura transtrocantérica y 12 osteosíntesis. Durante su estancia hospitalaria 21 pacientes manifestaron alteraciones psiquiátricas, 13 de éstos con síndrome orgánico cerebral agudo dentro de los 0 a 21 días, falleciendo 4 pacientes por complicaciones agregadas. Manejados conjuntamente con otros servicios. Concluyendo que la causa del SOCA o demencia senil había sido provocado principalmente por el trauma quirúrgico, las alteraciones cardiovasculares y las infecciones. Igualmente la mayoría de los sitios donde se provoca la caída es en su domicilio y por el poco cuidado en la ingesta de algunos fármacos

Tumor rabdoide-teratoide primario del sistema nervioso central de comportamiento benigno. Informe de un caso / Primary rabdoid-teratoid tumor of the central nervous system with benign behavior. Report of one case

Se presenta el caso de un tumor frontoparietal derecho de una adolescente de 13 años de edad, con características hostológicas e inmunohistoquímicas de tumor rabdoideoteratoide (TR), de localización frontoparietal derecha y con evolución neurológica durante 4 años, manifestada únicamente por monoparesia braquial izquierda de -1 hasta hoy. El tumor primario de S.N.C. es patológicamente idéntico al tumor rabdoide maligno de riñón, tiene el comportamiento clinicopatológico de un sarcoma de alta malignidad y en los niños (edad de mayor presentación) se caracteriza por su gran agresividad a corto plazo, con recurrencia frecuente, y progresión rápida a la muerte, independientemente del tratamiento instituido. Nosostros reportamos un caso, que se ha comportado como una neoplasia benigna, expresada fenotípicamente como tumor rabdoide extrarrenal

Técnicas de biología molecular para la detección del virus de la hepatitis Delta. I: obtención de la sonda diagnóstica específica / Molecular biology techniques for detection of delta hepatitis virus. I: obtaining the specific diagnostic probe

Una sonda específica para la detección de genomas del VHD fue desarrollada a partir del plásmido recombinante pa-1. La sonda fue marcada mediante un método no isotópico, lo cual permite el almacenaje prolongado de la misma

Diagnostico por ultrasonido de hemorragia intracraneal en recien nacidos de pretermino. / Ultrasound diagnosis of intracraneal hemorrhage in preterm newborn infants

Se estudiaron 26 recien nacidos de pretermino de menos de 1,500 g al nacer con tomografia ultrasonografica del cerebro detectandose un alto indice de hemorragia periventricular-intraventricular que fue clasificada bajo el criterio de mayor o menor, observandose mayor letalidad en presencia de hemorragia mayor asociada a menor edad gestacional, mas bajo peso al nacimiento y sindrome de dificultad respiratoria como patologia intercurrente. Los supervivientes que desarrollaron hidrocefalia posthemorragia fueron aquellos del grupo de hemorragia mayor. Se pudo establecer correlacion anatomopatologica para con los hallazgos ultrasonograficos en 3 pacientes autopsiados. Queda el incentivo de profundizar en el estudio del evento hemorragico auxiliados por el ultrasonido que se ha convertido, no solo en instrumento util, sino indispensable para el estudio del recien nacido pretermino de alto riesgo