Reliability and validity between two instruments for measuring spine sagittal parameters in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis during various stages of growth / Confiabilidad y validez entre dos instrumentos para medir parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral en adolescentes con escoliosis idiopática durante varias etapas de crecimiento

Abstract Introduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common and severe spinal deformity, which affects children and adolescents in the stage of neuromotor development and skeletal maturity of the sagittal curvatures of the spine. The literature presents several radiation-free instruments to assess and monitor the progression of scoliotic curvature angles in the AIS. However, the reliability and validity of the inclinometer at different stages of growth in relation to X-ray parameters has not been understood to date. Objective: To evaluate the reliability of the inclinometer and its validity with the X-ray exam on the sagittal parameters of the spine in the early and late growth stages of adolescents with AIS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 39 adolescents with AIS who were divided into two groups: the initial growth phase (10-13 years) and the late growth phase (14-18 years). The evaluated sagittal parameters of the spine were the angle of the thoracic kyphosis and the angle of the lumbar lordosis, both measured by the X-ray image examination and the inclinometer. Results: The inclinometer showed excellent inter- and intra-examiner reliability for the different growth phases, early and late, with a strong association with the X-ray (gold standard; r = 0.84; p = 0.308 and r = 0.75; p = 0.517). The angle of lumbar lordosis was different between the inclinometer and X-ray instruments in the early and late stages of growth (p < 0.001), with moderate reliability and a less significant correlation with the gold standard of radiography (r = 0.38; p = 0.001 and r = 0.49; p = 0.024). Conclusion: The inclinometer showed excellent reliability and validity for the sagittal parameter of thoracic kyphosis in the early and late stages of growth. The angle of lumbar lordosis measured by inclinometer proved to be of moderate reliability and weak validity when considering the phases of skeletal growth, showing it to be an inefficient instrument for monitoring the lumbar scoliotic curvature for AIS.

Resumen Introducción: La escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA) es la deformidad espinal más común y severa, que afecta a niños y adolescentes en la etapa de desarrollo neuromotor y madurez esquelética de las curvaturas sagitales de la columna. La literatura presenta varios instrumentos libres de radiación para evaluar y monitorear la progresión de los ángulos de curvatura escolióticos en el AIS. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se ha entendido la fiabilidad y validez del inclinómetro en diferentes etapas de crecimiento en relación con los parámetros de rayos X. Objectivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad del inclinómetro y su validez con el examen de rayos X sobre los parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral en las etapas de crecimiento temprano y tardío de adolescentes con EIA. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 39 adolescentes con EIA que se dividieron en dos grupos: la fase de crecimiento inicial (10-13 años) y la fase de crecimiento tardío (14-18 años). Los parámetros sagitales de la columna evaluados fueron el ángulo de la cifosis torácica y el ángulo de la lordosis lumbar, ambos medidos por el examen de imagen de rayos X y el inclinómetro. Resultados: El inclinómetro mostró una excelente confiabilidad inter e intraexaminador para las diferentes fases de crecimiento, temprana y tardía, con una fuerte asociación con la radiografía (estándar de oro; r = 0.84; p = 0.308 y r = 0.75; p = 0,517). El ángulo de lordosis lumbar fue diferente entre el inclinómetro y los instrumentos de rayos X en las etapas tempranas y tardías del crecimiento (p < 0,001), con confiabilidad moderada y una correlación menos significativa con el estándar de oro de la radiografía (r = 0,38; p = 0,001 y r = 0,49; p = 0,024). Conclusión: El inclinómetro mostró excelente confiabilidad y validez para el parámetro sagital de cifosis torácica en etapas tempranas y tardías de crecimiento. El ángulo de lordosis lumbar medido por inclinómetro demostró ser de confiabilidad moderada y validez débil al considerar las fases de crecimiento esquelético, mostrándose como un instrumento ineficiente para monitorear la curvatura escoliótica lumbar para EIA.

Homicide occurrence in different regions of the city of São Paulo and its risk rate according to male gender between 2000 and 2014: an analysis of 11981 cases / Ocurrencia de homicidio en diferentes regiones de la ciudad de São Paulo y su tasa de riesgo según genero masculino entre 2000 y 2014: un análisis de 11981 casos

Abstract Introduction : Homicides are important causes of mortality in the world, especially in Brazil, which represents approximately two thirds of deaths from external causes and the third place among the causes of death in the country. Methods: Retrospective study on the occurrence of causes of violent deaths occurring in different regions of the city of São Paulo from 2000 to 2014 according to the Mortality Information System of the Municipal Health Secretariat. The standardized coefficient (CP) for the occurrence of homicides and risk rates according to population and male gender were calculated. Results: The PC showed that the south and east regions had increased homicide occurrence between 2000 and 2005 when compared to the years 2010 and 2014. Considering the sum of the PC over the 15 years can be observed the highest occurrence of homicide. in the southern and eastern regions of São Paulo, however, with a reduction in occurrence between 2010 and 2014. Regarding the relative risk rate for homicide, the northern region presented higher rates between 2000 and 2005. When considering gender male population, the western region showed an increase in the risk rate between 2000 and 2005. For 2010, the risk rate remained higher for the northern (1.14) and eastern (1.15) regions, while for the male gender. For men, the risk rate (0.91) remained high for the southern region. In 2014 the highest risk rate (1.18) moved to the western region while for males the highest risk rate was directed to the central region (0.92). Conclusions: High homicide rates have remained in the southern and eastern regions of the city of São Paulo over the past 15 years. The risk rate differs between the regions of the city of São Paulo, highlighting the northern region between 2000, 2005 and 2010 and the western region in 2014. The male gender influences the risk rates between the regions, especially the western region between 2000 and 2005, the southern region in 2010 and the central region in 2014, showing their influence on homicide.

Resumen Introducción: Los homicidios son causas importantes de mortalidad en el mundo, especialmente en Brasil, que representa aproximadamente dos tercios de las muertes por causas externas y el tercer lugar entre las causas de muerte en el país. Materiales Y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo sobre la ocurrencia de causas de muertes violentas ocurridas en diferentes regiones de Municipio de São Paulo de 2000 a 2014 según el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad de la Secretaría de Salud Municipal. Se calculó el coeficiente estandarizado (CP) para la ocurrencia de homicidios y las tasas de riesgo según la población y el sexo masculino. Resultados: De 11.981 casos, el CP mostró que las regiones sur y este mostraron un aumento en la ocurrencia de homicidios entre los años 2000 y 2005 en comparación con los años 2010 y 2014. Considerando la suma del CP en los 15 años, Es posible observar la mayor ocurrencia de homicidios en las regiones sur y oriente de la ciudad de São Paulo, sin embargo, con una reducción entre los años 2010 y 2014. En cuanto a la tasa de riesgo relativo de homicidio, la región norte tuvo tasas más altas entre 2000 y 2005. Al considerar el género masculino, la región oeste mostró un aumento en la tasa de riesgo entre 2000 y 2005. Para los años 2010 la tasa de riesgo se mantuvo elevada para las regiones: norte (1,14) y este (1,15), mientras que para los hombres la tasa de riesgo (0,91) se mantuvo alta para la región sur. En 2014, la tasa de riesgo más alta (1,18) se trasladó a la región occidental, mientras que para los hombres la tasa de riesgo más alta se dirigió a la región central (0,92). Conclusiones: Se mantuvieron altas tasas de ocurrencia de homicidios para las regiones sur y oriente de la ciudad de São Paulo durante los últimos 15 años. La tasa de riesgo difiere entre las regiones de la ciudad de São Paulo, destacando la región norte entre los años 2000, 2005 y 2010 y la región occidental en 2014. El género masculino influye en las tasas de riesgo entre regiones, especialmente la región occidental entre 2000 y 2005, la región sur en 2010 y la región central en 2014, mostrando su influencia en la ocurrencia de homicidios.

Mastectomia: impacto auto-estima das pacientes / Mastectomy: impact in patients' self-esteem

O tratamento do câncer de mama provoca seqüelas físicas e psicológicas permanentes, as quais estão relacionadas ao procedimento cirúrgico. Mulheres submetidas à mastectomia radical modificada podem ter valores emocionais e afetivos alterados. Foi avaliada, por meio de um instrumento validado no Brasil, a auto-estima de pacientes submetidas à mastectomia por câncer de mama. Foram avaliadas 40 pacientes submetidas à mastectomia havia mais de 1 ano. Elas passaram por entrevistas com questionários específicos para auto-estima e para dados sociodemográficos. Outro grupo de 40 mulheres não portadoras de neoplasia mamária e um terceiro grupo com 15 mulheres submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico conservador foram avaliados como controle. Obtiveram-se os valores de p mediante os testes de Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado. Na Escala de Auto-estima de Rosenberg, 27% de todas as pacientes estudadas apresentaram escores superiores a 10, e a média total do grupo mastectomizado foi de 7,9 no grupo de cirurgia conservadora a média foi de 9,8 e no grupo-controle, 4. Esses resultados confirmam a baixa auto-estima das pacientes quando comparadas às do grupo sem neoplasia (p = 0,0001). Quando a mastectomia e a cirurgia conservadora foram correlacionadas por meio do teste de comparações múltiplas, não houve significância estatística. A conclusão foi que a perda da mama, ou parte dela, promove um impacto negativo na auto-estima das pacientes.

The treatment of breast cancer causes permanent physical and psychological sequelae, which are related to the surgical procedure. Women who underwent modified radical mastectomy may have altered affective and emotional values. Was evaluated using a validated instrument in Brazil, self-esteem of patients undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer. We evaluated 40 patients who underwent mastectomy had more than 1 year. They went through interviews with specific questionnaires for self-esteem and demographic data. Another group of 40 women not suffering from breast cancer and a third group with 15 women undergoing conservative surgery were evaluated as controls. We obtained p values by the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and chi-square. Scale Rosenberg Self-esteem, 27% of all patients studied had scores above 10, and the average total mastectomy group was 7.9 in the group of conservative surgery the average was 9.8 and in the control group 4. These results confirm the low self-esteem of patients when compared to those of patients without cancer (p = 0.0001). When mastectomy and conservative surgery were correlated through the test of multiple comparisons, no statistical significance. The conclusion was that the loss of the breast, or part of it promotes a negative impact on self-esteem of patients.

Estudo morfométrico do efeito do tenoxicam com água bidestilada ou com cloreto de sódio a 0,9% no endotélio venoso, em coelhos

Objective: Evaluate by morphometry, if tenoxicam with bidistilled water (diluent) or 0.9% sodium chloride, causes venous endothelium alterations. Methods: 90 white male rabbits of the New Zealand branch (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with age over 10 weeks, weight varying between 2000 and 3500 grams were used. The rabbits were divided in two groups: Experiment and Control, and analyses were conducted in 6hrs, 12hrs and 24hrs after the procedure. Into the right and left auriculares veins of the Experiment group was injected tenoxicam with its diluent or 0.9% sodium chloride; in the Control group 0.9% sodium chloride was injected. Results: Statistical differences were evaluated by One-way analysis of variance: a) apart for each group (Tenoxicam/0.9% Sodium Chloride, Tenoxicam/Diluent and 0.9% Sodium Chloride), to compare the average measures of the endothelial cells nuclei diameters obtained in the observation period of 6hrs, 12hrs and 24hrs, without significant difference among them; b) apart from the observation period (6hrs, 12hrs and 24hrs), to compare the average measures obtained, in the Tenoxicam/0.9% Sodium Chloride, Tenoxicam/Diluent and 0.9% Sodium Chloride groups, it was observed that the average measures of the nuclei diameters of the 0.9% Sodium Chloride group were significantly bigger than the ones observed in the Tenoxicam/0.9% Sodium Chloride and Tenoxicam/Diluent groups. Conclusion: Tenoxicam, either with bidistilled water or 0.9% sodium chloride, reduced the endothelial cells nuclei diameters in the veins where it was injected.

Objetivo: Avaliar, pela morfometria, se o tenoxicam com água bidestilada (diluente) ou com cloreto de sódio a 0,9% (NaCl 0,9%) provoca alterações no endotélio venoso. Métodos: Foram utilizados 90 coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), brancos, da linhagem Nova Zelândia, machos, com idade acima de 10 semanas, com peso variando entre 2000 e 3500 gramas, divididos em dois grupos denominados Experimento e Controle, que foram observados nos tempos de 6h, 12h e 24h. Administrou-se nas venae auriculares dextra e sinistra, tenoxicam com seu diluente ou com NaCl 0,9% no grupo Experimento e NaCl 0,9% no grupo Controle. Para análise estatística dos resultados foi aplicada a análise de variância a um critério: a) em separado para cada grupo (Tenoxicam/NaCl 0,9%, Tenoxicam/Diluente e NaCl 0,9%), para comparar as medidas médias dos diâmetros dos núcleos das células endoteliais obtidas nos períodos de observação de 6h, 12h e 24h. Resultados: Observou-se que não ocorreram diferenças significantes entre as medidas médias dos diâmetros nucleares encontradas nos períodos de eutanásia de 6, 12 e 24h, em separado para cada grupo. As medidas médias dos diâmetros nucleares do grupo Controle foram significantemente maiores do que as observadas no grupo Experimento. Conclusão: O tenoxicam, com água bidestilada ou com cloreto de sódio a 0,9%, reduziu os diâmetros dos núcleos das células endoteliais nas venae em que foi injetado.