Oxidized and electronegative low-density lipoprotein as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in obese adolescents

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate biomarkers associated with early cardiometabolic risk in obese adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 137 adolescents of both sexes aged 10 to 19 years divided into a normal weight group (NW) (n=69) and an obese group (OB) (n=68). RESULTS: As expected, obesity showed positive associations with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triacylglycerol, insulin, plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids, and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and negative associations with plasma antioxidant levels. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)] levels were significantly higher in the OB group. Higher tertiles of oxLDL were associated with increased values of body mass index; waist circumference; fatty mass percentage (%FM); and the atherogenic lipids non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B and triacylglycerol. Higher tertiles of LDL(-) were robustly associated with body mass index and waist circumference. Logistic regression models (odds ratios) confirmed that increased values of lipids and apolipoprotein B were associated with increased risk of oxLDL. For LDL(-), these associations were not significant, suggesting that another mechanism is involved in generating this particle in obese adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Obese adolescents showed increased plasma LDL(-) and oxLDL, and obese girls had more LDL(-) than obese boys. Therefore, oxLDL is strongly and independently associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors, while increased levels of LDL(-) were influenced by body mass index, waist circumference and demographic parameters in obese adolescents.

A história dos raios X e sua utilizaçäo de 1895 a 1912: reflexos na América Latina / X-rays history and their use from 1895 to 1912: influences upon Latin America

Procura identificar os elementos precursores da descoberta dos raios X; obter um panorama dos trabalhos desenvolvidos no final do século XIX em Astronomia, Optica, Eletricidade, Magnetismo e Química; analisar os artigos escritos por Röntgen sobre os raios X; estudar os experimentos mais significativos que foram realizados para verificar e determinar as propriedades dos raios X, assim como as teorias que surgiram para explicar estas propriedades; verificar as diferentes utilizaçöes e aplicaçöes dos raios X no período de 1895 a 1912 e sua utilizaçäo na América Latina.