RESUMO
Background: HCV is the foremost cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and its prevalence is increasing in developing countries like Pakistan. Present study is focusing on its frequency in different districts of the Punjab of Pakistan
Setting: Different districts of Punjab
Period: Jan 2010 to Dec 2010
Material and methods: 5ml venous blood was collected from each donor by using disposable syringes. Sample is transferred to vials containing anticoagulant, centrifuged and plasma was separated for further analysis.140 ul plasma of every patient was analyzed for HCV RNA Virus by Real time PCR using Artus HCV Quantification kit [Germany].For statistical analysis SPSS 16 was used
Results: A total count of 3262 samples was collected from 32 districts of the Punjab and all these samples were both rapid HCV screening and Anti HCV by Elisa positive. Out of which 2041 [62.57%] patients were detected positive for HCV, 1221 [37.4%] were not detected.49.5%patients were male while50.5% were female. 30.99% males were detected positive including patients with low viral load. 31.58% were detected positive for HCV including low positive female patients.30.71% females were detected positive for HCV, 37.5% were not detected for HCV
Conclusion: Highest prevalence of HCV among different age groups is found in age group of 36-40 years with 12.23% and lowest is found in age group > 15 years with 0.31% [p=0.009]
RESUMO
Blood stream infections [BSI] remain a major cause of debility and death around the world. BSI accounts for 10-20% of all Nosocomial infections. Empirical antimicrobials are based on the susceptibility pattern of the pathogens isolated in a specific institute from time to time. We have conducted this study only on cardiac Patients over two and half years of study duration
Study design: cross sectional study
Settings: microbiology Department, Allama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah Hospital, Lahore
Study Period: January 2013 to July 2015
Materials and Methods: a total of 5411 blood culture specimens were collected from cardiac patients including patients admitted to cardiology ward, coronary care unit [CCU], pre-operative and post-operative cardiac surgery patients. The bottles containing BHI broth were incubated and were subcultured after 24 hours, 72 hours, 120 hours, and 168 hours on blood and MacConkey agars. Isolates were further identified with the help of Gram staining, biochemical reactions and rapid tests like catalase, oxidase, coagulase, Analytical Profile Index [API] 20E and API 20NE. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolate was carried out on Mueller-Hinton agar by Modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique according to the isolate as per recommendations of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] guidelines 2013
Results: out of total 5411 patients, 3958[73.14%] were male, 1453[26.85%] were females. Out of total 5411 Specimens, only 486 [8.98%] were positive for bacterial growth. Out of total 486 positive blood cultures, 261 [53.71%] were Gram positive isolates and 225 [46.29%] were Gram negative isolates. Out 486 positive blood cultures, 96 [19.75%] were from cardiology ward, 67 [13.78%] were from CCU, 113 [23.25%] were from pre operative cardiac surgery ward, 210 [43.20%] were from post operative cardiac surgery ward. Among Gram positives, Staphylococcus Species were most common organism isolated from 246 [50.61%] blood culture specimens. Among Gram negatives, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli were predominant organisms, isolated from 81[16.66%] and 72[14.81%] blood culture specimens respectively
Conclusion: gram Positive isolates were more common as compared to Gram negative isolates. Vancomycin and Linezolid were the most effective drugs among Gram positive isolates. Piperacillin-Tazobactam was most potent antimicrobial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For coli forms Tigecycline was most effective drug