RESUMO
Objective: To determine the frequency and susceptibility pattern of multi-drug resistant [MDR] Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens in Karachi
Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Microbiology Department, University of Karachi, from January 2012 to January 2013. Clinical specimens were collected from different hospitals of Karachi. Clinical isolates were identified by standard and specific microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] guidelines were used to determine the results
Results: The frequency of MDR P. aeruginosa isolated from different clinical specimens was found to be 30%. Amikacin was found to be the most effective antibiotic, followed by Co-trimaxazole and Quinolones
Conclusion: Antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa are emerging as a critical human health issue
There is an urgent need to resolve the issue by taking some preventive measures. Combined efforts of health care professionals and researchers are required to educate people about the proper use of antibiotics and other infection control measures
RESUMO
Vaginal candidiasis is the most common infection of females. A large variety of antifungal drugs are used for treatment. The objective of this study was isolation and identification of Candida from high vaginal swabs and in vitro antifungal activity of Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and Nystatin against Candida. Two hundred and fifty high vaginal swabs were collected from females reporting at different hospitals of Karachi. Wet mount was performed to observe the budding cells of Candida. Vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar with added antibiotics. Plates were incubated at room temperature for seven days. Chlamydospores of Candida albicans were identified on corn meal agar. Species of Candida were identified on Biggy agar. In vitro antifungal activity of Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and Nystatin was performed by MIC [Minimum inhibitory concentration], well diffusion method and disc diffusion method. Out of 250 high vaginal swabs, Candida species were isolated in 100 [40%] of cases. Out of 100, C. albican 30 [30%], C. tropicalis 21 [21%], C. parapsillosis 10 [10%], C. parakrusi 8 [8%], C.glabrata 8 [8%], C. krusei 3 [3%] were isolated. In vitro antifungal activity indicated Clotrimazole [MIC 16 and 8 microg/ml] effective against 68 [70%] of Candida SPP, Fluconazole [MIC 64 and 32 microg/ml] effective against 29 [36.2%] and Nystatin disc [100 units] was 51 [63.5%] effective. C. albicans was mainly isolated. Clotrimazole was more effective as compared to Fluconazole and Nystatin. Antifungal susceptibility testing should be determined before therapy to avoid treatment failures