RESUMO
La anatomía de la base del cráneo es compleja. Numerosas estructuras neurovasculares vitales pasan a través de múltiples canales y formámenes de la base del cráneo. Con el avance de la tomografía computarizada (TC) y la resonancia magnética (RM) es posible la localización cada vez más precisa de lesiones y la evaluación de su relación con las estructuras neurovasculares adyacentes. El trayecto de los nervios craneales sigue un recorrido conocido y se transmiten a la cara y cuello a través de los forámenes de base de cráneo. La TC y la RM son complementarias entre sí y, a menudo, se usan en conjunto para demostrar la extensión completa de la enfermedad. La primera parte de esta revisión se centra en generalidades del estudio radiológico y anatomía de base de cráneo.
The skull base anatomy is complex. Many vital neurovascular structures course through the skull base canals and foramina. With the routine use of CT and MRI, the localization of lesions has become more precise as well as their relationship with adjacent neurovascular structures. There is a known anatomical course of the cranial nerves and their skull base s they course through the foramina towards the head and neck. CT and MRI are complimentary modalities and are often used together to map the full extent of disease. The first part of this review article series focus on the radiologic approach to disease and the skull base anatomy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Base do Crânio/inervação , Base do Crânio/diagnóstico por imagem , Nervos Cranianos/anatomia & histologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Nervos Cranianos/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Background: PET/CT (Positron emission tomography/computed tomography) is a hybrid image modality widely used in oncology, for staging, therapy evaluation or follow up. Aim: To evaluate the prognostic value ofPET/CT in lung cancer. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of PET/CT records, selecting 51 patients with a lung malignancy, mass or nodule referred for PET/CT between December 2008 and December 2010. All had pathological confirmation of malignancy and had not been treated previously. Age, gender, body mass index, radiological features of lung tumor and metastases, and lung tumor 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake using the SUV (Standardized uptake value) index were recorded. Survival was analyzed usingKaplan-Meier curves and a Cox proportional regression analysis. Results: Pathology confirmed the presence of lung cancer in 47 patients aged 30 to 88 years. Four patients (7.8%) had other type of tumors such as carcinoid or lymphoma. Fifty percent of lung cancer patients died during a mean observation lapse of 18 months (range: 2-34 months). Patients with metastases, local lymph node involvement, a lung tumor size > 3 cm and high tumor uptake (SUVmax > 6) had significantly lower survival. Occurrence of metastases was the only independent prognostic factor in the Cox regression. A lung lesion with a SUVmax ≥ 12 was always associated to hilar/mediastinal lymph node involvement. Conclusions: PET/CT imaging gives important prognostic information in lung cancer patients.