Padronização da avaliação endoscópica das fundoplicaturas e corrrelação com a sintomatologia / A standardization for endoscopic description of surgical fundoplication and correlations with symptomatology

Introdução: a endoscopia digestiva alta possui papel importante na avaliação dos pacientes submetidos à fundoplicatura, especialmente na elucidação de sintomas pós-operatórios. No entanto, é pouco padronizada e sua descrição apresenta baixa concordância entre os endoscopistas. Objetivos: padronizar a avaliação endoscópica das FPLs, identificar a frequência de anormalidades pós-operatórias e correlacionar os achados clínicos com os achados endoscópicos. Métodos: estudo prospectivo observacional, incluindo todos os pacientes submetidos à FPL, que realizaram endoscopia digestiva alta no Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz no período de setembro entre 2014 e julho de 2015. Os pacientes foram submetidos a um questionário para coleta de dados e, a seguir, foi realizada classificação endoscópica das FPLs de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros: situação da TEG na visão frontal (sob zona de pressão, acima da zona de pressão ou deslizada); situação da FPL na retrovisão (intra-abdominal parcialmente ou totalmente migrada); conformação da FPL (total, parcial, desgarrada ou torcida) e hérnia paraesofágica (presente ou ausente). Resultados: foram avaliados 100 pacientes submetidos à FPL, 51% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 55,6 anos. Quarenta e três por cento (43%) referiam algum sintoma pós-operatório (regurgitação, azia, refluxo, tosse etc) e 46% apresentaram alguma anormalidade endoscópica da cirurgia. A TEG fora da zona de pressão da válvula e fundoplicatura migrada estiveram significativamente correlacionadas com a ocorrência de sintomas pós-operatórios (p < 0,001 em ambos os casos). Não houve correlação entre sintomatologia e a confirmação da fundoplicatura (se total, parcial ou desgarrada; p=0,19). Conclusão: a avaliação e a classificação endoscópica da fundoplicatura são reprodutíveis e parecem ser um bom preditor da ocorrência de sintomas. TEG acima da zona de pressão da válvula e fundoplicatura migrada estiveram correlacionadas com a recidiva dos sintomas.

Introduction: upper gastrointestinal endoscopy plays an important role in the evaluation of patients submitted to fundoplication, especially in the elucidation of postoperative symptoms. However, it is not well standardized and its description presents low agreement among the endoscopists. Objectives: to standardize endoscopic evaluation of FPLs, identify the frequency of postoperative abnormalities and correlate clinical findings with endoscopic findings. Methods: this was a prospective observational study, including all patients undergoing FPL, who underwent upper digestive endoscopy at the Alemão Oswaldo Cruz Hospital from September 2014 to July 2015. Patients were submitted to a questionnaire and then, Endoscopic classification of FPLs was performed according to the following parameters: TEG situation in frontal view (under pressure zone, above pressure zone or slipped fundoplication); FPL status in retrovision (intra-abdominal partially or totally migrated); Conformation of the FPL (total, partial, disrupted or twisted) and paraesophageal hernia (presentor absent). Results: we evaluated 100 patients submitted to FPL, 51% male, mean age of 55.6 years. Forty-three percent reported some postoperative symptoms (regurgitation, heartburn, reflux, cough, etc.) and 46% had some endoscopic surgery abnormality. TEG outside the pressure zone, and migrated fundoplication, were significantly correlated with the occurrence of postoperative symptoms (p <0.001 in both cases). There was no correlation between symptomatology and fundoplication conformation (if total, partial or twited, p= 0.19). Conclusion: the evaluation and endoscopic classification of fundoplication is reproductible and seems to be a good predictor of the occurrence of symptoms. TEG above the pressure zone and migrated fundoplication were correlated with relapse of the symptoms.

Endoscopic gastrostomy: critical analysis in a regional referral hospital / Gastrostomía endoscópica: análisis crítico en un hospital referencial regional

Introduction: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe and effective endoscopic surgical procedure for enteral access and gastrointestinal decompression, and it is an excellent alternative to surgical gastrostomy. There are various clinical indications and these mainly include the need for prolonged enteral nutritional support due to complications from neurological, geriatric and oncological diseases and decompression of the gastrointestinal tract. Although safe and effective, a number of possible complications relating to the time (early or late complications) and severity (minor or major complications) may occur. Objective: To evaluate the indications and complications relating to PEG among selected patients at the digestive endoscopy service of a regional referral hospital. Materials and methods: A retrospective study on patients who underwent PEG between May 2013 and April 2015 was conducted. The patients were identified through searching the medical records and using a standardized data form. Results: 53 cases were analyzed. The average age was 70.47 years and 60.37% of the patients were women. The main indication identified was the need for enteral nutritional support, and 73.58% of these indications were derived from neurological complications, 15.09% from geriatric complications and 9.43% from oncological complications and 1.88% were due to gastrointestinal decompression. Complications occurred in 24.52% of the cases: 23.07% were major and 76.93% were minor. Regarding the time, there were eight cases of late complications and five of early complications. Conclusion: PEG was shown to be an effective and safe method for enteral access. The indication and complication rates were similar to those reported in the literature.

Introducción: La gastrostomía endoscópica percutânea (GEP) es un procedimento endoscópico-quirúrgico seguro y efectivo para el acceso enteral y para la descompresión gastrointestinal, constituyéndose como una excelente alternativa a la gastrostomía quirúrgica. Las indicaciones clínicas son variadas y comprenden principalmente: necesidad de soporte nutricional enteral prolongado por complicaciones de las enfermedades neurológicas, geriátricas y oncológicas, así como la descompresión del tracto gastrointestinal. Aunque es segura y eficaz, se puede producir una serie de posibles complicaciones relacionadas al momento (precoz temprano o tardío) de la realización del procedimiento y a la gravedad (mayor o menor). Objetivo: Evaluar las indicaciones y complicaciones relacionadas a la realización de la GEP en pacientes seleccionados de un sector de endoscopia digestiva de un hospital regional de referencias. Materiales y métodos: Fue realizado un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes sometidos a la GEP en el periodo de mayo de 2013 a abril de 2015. Los pacientes fueron identificados a partir de la investigación de los registros y formulario estándar de datos. Resultados: Fueron analizados 53 casos. La edad media fue de 70,47 años con un 60,37% del sexo femenino. La indicación principal verificada fue la necesidad de soporte nutricional enteral, siendo 73,58% por complicaciones neurológicas, 15,09% geriátricas, 9,43% oncológicas; y 1,88% de las indicaciones fueron para descomprensión gastrointestinal. Ocurrieron complicaciones en 24,52% de los pacientes: 23,07% mayores y 76,93% menores. En relación al momento, fueron verificados ocho casos de complicaciones tardías y cinco de complicaciones precoces (tempranas). Conclusión: La GEP se mostró como un método eficaz y seguro para el acceso enteral. Los índices de complicación fueron semejantes a los datos evidenciados en la literatura.

Epidemiological aspects of endoscopic resections of colorectal polyps in patients at an endoscopy training center in the Santos region, Brasil / Aspectos epidemiológicos de las resecciones endoscópicas de los pólipos colo-rectales en un centro de entrenamiento de endoscopía en la región de Santos, Brasil

Introduction: Colorectal polyps are structures that project from the surface of the mucosal layer of the large intestine. They are classified as neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Early detection of pre-neoplastic lesions is important for preventing colorectal cancer. These can be resected so as to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates. Colonoscopy is the gold-standard procedure for diagnosing and resecting precursor lesions. Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological, endoscopic and histological aspects of endoscopic resection of lesions of the colon and rectum at a training center. Materials and method: A search was conducted in the database of our institution covering the period from January 2011 to July 2014. Cases that underwent endoscopic resection of polyps and/or colorectal lesions were selection. The following variables were defined: general data on the patients (age, gender and indication from the examination) and data on the polypoid lesion (number, histological type and topographic distribution). Results: 678 lesions were identified in 456 examinations. Regarding sex, 242 (53.1%) were female and 214 (46.9%) were male. The mean age was 64.54 years, with extremes of 5 and 94 years. The most frequent locations were the rectum (21%) and sigmoid (20%). Histologically, 34.7% were hyperplastic polyps and 58.9% were adenomatous polyps, of which 74.1% were tubular, 10.6% tubulovillous, 2% villous and 13% indeterminate; and 1.7% were adenocarcinomas. In 65.4% of the cases, the examination showed that only one polyps was present, while 34.6% had two or more lesions. Conclusion: In our clinic, with a mean of 250 examinations/month, the parameters evaluated were compatible with the results reported in the literature.

Introducción: Los pólipos colorrectales son estructuras que se proyectan en la superficie de la capa mucosa del intestino grueso. Son clasificados en neoplásicos y no neoplásicos. La detección precoz de lesiones preneoplásicas es relevante en la prevención del cáncer colorrectal. Pueden ser resecados y reducir los índices de morbimortalidad. La colonoscopia es el patrón de oro para el diagnóstico y resección de lesiones precursoras. Objetivo: Evaluar aspectos epidemiológicos, endoscópicos e histológicos relacionados a las resecciones endoscópicas de lesiones de colon y recto en un centro de entrenamiento. Matariales y métodos: Fue realizada una búsqueda en la base de datos de nuestra institución durante el período de enero de 2011 a julio de 2014. Se seleccionaron aquellos sometidos a las resecciones endoscópicas de pólipos y/o lesiones colorrectales. Las siguientes variables fueron definidas: datos generales de los pacientes (edad género e indicación del examen) y datos de la lesión polipoidea (número, tipo histológico, distribución topográfica). Resultados: Fueron identificadas 678 lesiones en 456 exámenes. Con relación al sexo, 242 (53,1 %) eran del género femenino y 214 (46,9 %) masculino. El promedio de edad fue de 64,54 años, con extremos de 5 y 94 años. La ubicación más frecuente fue en el recto (21 %) y sigmoide (20 %). Histológicamente, 34,7% eran pólipos hiperplásicos y 58,9% adenomatosos, siendo 74,1% tubulares, 10,6% tubulovellosos, 2% vellosos y 13% indeterminados y, 1,7% correspondieron a adenocarcinomas. En el 65,4% de los casos existía solamente un pólipo al hacer el examen, 34,6% presentaban dos o más lesiones. Conclusión: En nuestro trabajo, con un promedio de 250 exámenes/mes, los parámetros evaluados fueron compatibles a los resultados encontrados en la literatura.