Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis disturbance and its association with insulin resistance in kidney transplant recipients / Distúrbio do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal e sua associação com resistência à insulina em receptores de transplante renal

Abstract Objective: To evaluate hypothalamic-pi- tuitary-gonadal (HPG) axis alterations at 1 and 12 months after kidney transplan- tation (KT) and their association with in- sulin resistance. Methods: A retrospective clinical study was conducted in a tertiary care center in kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) aged 18- 50 years with primary kidney disease and stable renal graft function. LH, FSH, E2/T, and HOMA-IR were assessed at 1 and 12 months after KT. Results: Twenty-five KTRs were included; 53% were men, and the mean age was 30.6±7.7 years. BMI was 22.3 (20.4-24.6) kg/m2, and 36% had hypogonadism at 1 month vs 8% at 12 months (p=0.001). Re- mission of hypogonadism was observed in all men, while in women, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism persisted in two KTRs at 12 months. A positive correlation between go- nadotrophins and age at 1 and 12 months was evident. Fifty-six percent of patients had insulin resistance (IR) at 1 month and 36% at 12 months (p=0.256). HOMA-IR showed a negative correlation with E2 (r=- 0.60; p=0.050) and T (r=-0.709; p=0.049) at 1 month, with no correlation at 12 months. HOMA-IR at 12 months after KT correlated positively with BMI (r=0.52; p=0.011) and tacrolimus dose (r=0.53; p=0.016). Conclusion: Successful KT restores the HPG axis in the first year. Hypogonadism had a negative correlation with IR in the early pe- riod after KT, but it was not significant at 12 months.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal (HHG) em 1 e 12 meses após transplante renal (TR) e sua associação com a resistência à insulina. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo clínico retrospectivo em um centro de cuidados terciários em receptores de transplante renal (RTR) com idade entre 18-50 anos com doença renal primária e função do enxerto renal estável. LH, FSH, E2/T e HOMA-IR foram avaliados em 1 e 12 meses após o TR. Resultados: foram incluídos 25 RTR; 53% eram homens e a média de idade foi de 30,6±7,7 anos. O IMC foi de 22,3 (20,4-24,6) kg/m2 e 36% apresentaram hipogonadismo em 1 mês vs 8% aos 12 meses (p=0,001). A remissão do hipogonadismo foi observada em todos os homens, enquanto nas mulheres, o hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico persistiu em dois RTR aos 12 meses. Ficou evidente uma correlação positiva entre gonadotrofinas e idade em 1 e 12 meses. Cinquenta e seis por cento dos pacientes apresentaram resistência à insulina (RI) em 1 mês e 36% aos 12 meses (p=0,256). O HOMA-IR mostrou uma correlação negativa com E2 (r=-0,60; p=0,050) e T (r=-0,709; p=0,049) em 1 mês, sem correlação em 12 meses. O HOMA-IR aos 12 meses após TR correlacionou-se positivamente com o IMC (r=0,52; p=0,011) e a dose de tacrolimus (r=0,53; p=0,016). Conclusão: O TR bem-sucedido restaura o eixo HHG no primeiro ano. O hipogonadismo apresentou uma correlação negativa com a RI no período inicial após o TR, mas essa correlação não foi significativa aos 12 meses.

Use of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy as an analytical tool for the study of contamination by Teflon in the synthesis of Mo(VI)Cl2O2Bipy/ TiO2 catalysts

The preparation of catalysts can involve various sources of contamination, which can seriously affect the quality of the prepared materials. In the present work, a case of fluorine contamination in a set of catalyst samples was studied, in which using the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) technique, it was evidenced by the F 1s signal that this element was present in the form of Teflon, since its binding energy corresponded mainly to the CF2 species. Furthermore, using the C 1s signal, it was also possible to corroborate the presence of the CF2 group, which is associated with the main component of the Teflon carbon chains. The use of this information made it possible to identify that the solvent dehydration procedure (previous step to obtaining the catalysts) could lead to contamination with Teflon since it involved various accessories with Teflon, organic solvents and high temperature; the Teflon tape and the magnetic stirrer being the possible sources of contamination.

La preparación de catalizadores puede contener diversas fuentes de contaminación, las cuales pueden afectar seriamente las propiedades de los materiales preparados. En este artículo se estudió un caso de contaminación con flúor en una serie de muestras de catalizadores. Empleando la técnica de espectroscopia fotoelectrónica de rayos X (XPS) se evidenció la presencia de flúor en la superficie de los materiales, el cual estaba asociado al polímero teflón, ya que su energía de enlace correspondía principalmente con la de la especie CF2. Además, empleando la señal C 1s, se logró corroborar la presencia de la especie CF2, el cual está asociado al componente principal de las cadenas carbonadas de teflón. El uso de la información obtenida por XPS permitió determinar que durante la deshidratación del solvente (paso previo para la obtención de los catalizadores en el cual se emplean solventes orgánicos y alta temperatura) se podría estar llevando a cabo la contaminación con teflón, ya que este componente está presente en diversos accesorios empleados en el proceso de deshidratación, siendo la cinta de teflón y el agitador magnético las posibles fuentes de contaminación.

A preparação de catalisadores pode conter diversas fontes de contaminação, as quais podem afeitar seriamente as propriedades dos materiais preparados. No presente trabalho estudou-se um caso de contaminação com flúor numa série de amostras de catalisadores. Usando a técnica da espectroscopia fotoeletrônica de raios X (XPS), evidenciou-se a presença de flúor na superfície dos materiais, o qual estava associado ao polímero Teflon, já que sua energia de ligação correspondia principalmente à da espécie CF2. Além disso, usando a sinal C 1s, foi possível corroborar a presença do grupo CF2, o qual está associado ao componente principal das cadeias carbônicas do Teflon. O uso da informação obtida por XPS permitiu determinar que durante a desidratação do solvente (passo prévio para a obtenção dos catalisadores no qual são usados solventes orgânicos e alta temperatura) tem-se a contaminação com Teflon, já que este componente está presente em diversos acessórios utilizados no processo de desidratação, sendo a fita do Teflon e o agitador magnético as possíveis fontes da contaminação.

Effect of dietary plants on the production of immunoglobulins A in healthy Wistar rats / Efeito de plantas dietéticas na produção de imunoglobulinas A em ratos Wistar saudáveis

Introduction: some plants such as turmeric, cinnamon, and okra are known to have therapeutic functions such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, an immunomodulatory role has been observed in the production of antibodies, in particular immunoglobulin A (IgA), which mediates a variety of protective functions for the organism. Objective: the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary plants on the production of IgA in healthy Wistar rats. Methods: thus, 48 male Wistar rats of 90 days of age were allocated to four groups. The animals were treated for 14 days with dried turmeric, cinnamon, or okra (50, 50, 12.5 mg/day, respectively) in phosphate buffered saline, or with only phosphate buffered saline by gavage. The animals received water and feed ad libitum. Body mass and relative weight ofperitoneal fat, adrenal gland, kidney, spleen, liver and thymus, biochemical parameters, and IgA levels were analyzed. Results: no significant changes were observed in the body mass, relative weight of organs and tissues, and biochemical parameters. An increase in serum IgA levels was observed in animals treated with turmeric or cinnamon. Conclusion: we conclude that the treatment with turmeric and cinnamon increased IgA production. Therefore, our study supports the idea that dietary supplementation with these plants may improve humoral immunity.

Introdução: algumas plantas como a cúrcuma, a canela e o quiabo são conhecidas por apresentar funções terapêuticas, como atividade antioxidante e anti-inflamatória. Além disso, tem sido observado um papel imunomodulador sobre a produção de anticorpos, em especial a imunoglobulina A (IgA), a qual medeia uma variedade de funções protetoras para o organismo. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de plantas dietéticas na produção de IgA em ratos Wistar saudáveis. Métodos: destarte, 48 ratos machos Wistar com 90 dias de idade foram alocados em quatro grupos. Os animais foram tratados por 14 dias com cúrcuma seca, canela ou quiabo (50, 50, 12,5 mg/dia, respectivamente) em solução salina tamponada com fosfato ou apenas solução salina tamponada com fosfato, por gavagem. Os animais receberam água e ração ad libitum. Foram analisados a massa corporal e o peso relativo da gordura peritoneal, glândula adrenal, rim, baço, fígado e timo, parâmetros bioquímicos e níveis de IgA. Resultados: não foram observadas alterações significativas na massa corporal, no peso relativo dos órgãos e tecidos e nos parâmetros bioquímicos. Foi observado aumento dos níveis séricos de IgA nos animais tratados com cúrcuma ou canela. Conclusão: podemos concluir que o tratamento com cúrcuma e canela aumentou a produção de IgA. Portanto, nosso estudo suporta a ideia de que a suplementação alimentar com essas plantas pode melhorar a imunidade humoral.

Supervivencia del paciente trasplantado y del injerto renal en una cohorte retrospectiva en México / Transplant patient and kidney graft survival in a retrospective cohort in Mexico

Introducción: el conocimiento de la funcionalidad del injerto y la supervivencia del paciente es fundamental para valorar el éxito del trasplante renal. Objetivo: determinar la supervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados por tipo de donante y la funcionalidad de los injertos renales en una cohorte en México. Material y métodos: cohorte de trasplante renal de 2013 a 2017 en México. Se analizaron 790 pacientes seguidos por un año para valorar la supervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados por tipo de donante y la funcionalidad de los injertos renales. Para ello se usaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, así como tablas de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier con SPSS, versión 25. Resultados: de los 790 pacientes, 518 fueron de donante vivo (65.56%) con supervivencia del paciente de 97.88% y de funcionalidad del injerto de 93.24% a 12 meses de seguimiento; 272 pacientes recibieron el injerto de donante fallecido con supervivencia del paciente de 91.18% y funcionalidad del injerto renal de 84.19%. Conclusiones: aún existe una diferencia de casi 5% en la supervivencia del paciente receptor de un donante vivo en referencia con un donante fallecido. Para la funcionalidad del injerto renal esta diferencia es > 7%. La donación cadavérica ha aumentado; sin embargo, incluso en cifras bajas es de aproximadamente el 35% en México

Background: Knowledge of the functionality of the graft and patient survival is essential to assess the success of kidney transplantation. Objective: To determine the survival of transplanted patients by type of donor and the functionality of kidney grafts in a cohort in Mexico. Material and methods: Kidney transplant cohort from 2013 to 2017 in Mexico. 790 patients followed up for one year were analyzed to assess the survival of transplanted patients by type of donor and the functionality of kidney grafts. For this, measures of central tendency and dispersion were used, as well as Kaplan-Meier survival tables with SPSS, version 25. Results: Out of the 790 patients, 518 were from living donors (65.56%) with patient survival of 97.88% and graft function of 93.24% at 12 months of follow-up; 272 patients received the graft from a deceased donor with patient survival of 91.18% and renal graft function of 84.19%. Conclusions: There is still a difference of almost 5% in the survival of the recipient patient from a living donor compared to a deceased donor. For the functionality of the kidney graft, this difference is > 7%. Cadaveric donation has increased; however, even at low figures is of approximately 35% in Mexico

Immunomodulatory action of jacalin from Artocarpus integrifolia and mannoprotein from Saccharomyces uvarum on the humoral immunity of laying hens / Avaliação da ação imunomoduladora do Jacalin de Artocarpus integrifolia e mannoprotein de Saccharomyces uvarum na imunidade humoral das galinhas poedeiras

ABSTRACT: Advances in the fields of glycobiology and immunology have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. Jacalin of Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) and structural mannoprotein of Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) are molecules with immunomodulatory properties. JCA is an IgA human lectin binding molecule that causes the mitogenic stimulation of immune cells, production of cytokines, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocytes. Studies on the immunomodulatory properties of JCA and MPS in mammals and fish suggest that they have an action on antibody production. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of JCA and MPS on the production of specific antibodies in laying hens. For this, laying hens were inoculated with an intra abdominal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with either JCA (0.075 µg, 0.75 µg, and 7.5 µg) or MPS (20 µg and 100 µg). Levels of anti-SRBC antibodies of the IgY, IgM, and IgA classes were evaluated by ELISA. Results showed that JCA and MPS have immunomodulatory effects on levels of anti-SRBC IgM, IgA, and IgY. An immunostimulatory effect of JCA was observed in primary immune response on anti-SRBC IgY, while an inhibitory effect of JCA and MPS was observed in secondary immune response on the production of IgM and IgA anti-SRBC. These results suggested that MPS and JCA have immunomodulatory effects on antibody production and could be used in future studies on humoral immune response in poultry.

RESUMO: Avanços nos campos glicobiologia e imunologia forneceram muitas informações sobre o papel das interações da proteína-carboidrato na modulação do sistema imunológico. A jacalina extraída de Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) e a manoproteína da parede celular de Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) são moléculas com propriedades imunomoduladoras. JCA é uma lectina com afinidade pela IgA humana e tem ação mitogênica sobre células do sistema imunológico estimulando a produção de citocinas, a quimiotaxia e a ativação de leucócitos. Estudos sobre as propriedades imunomoduladoras de JCA e MPS em mamíferos e peixes sugerem que essas moléculas podem ter um efeito sobre a produção de anticorpos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ação da JCA e MPS sobre a produção de anticorpos específicos em galinhas poedeiras. Para isso, galinhas poedeiras foram inoculadas por via intra-abdominal com eritrócitos de carneiro (SRBC) em associação com o JCA (0,075 µg, 0,75 µg, e 7,5 µg) ou MPS (20 µg e 100 µg). Os níveis de anticorpos anti-SRBC das classes IgY, IgM, e IgA foram avaliados por ELISA. Os resultados mostraram que a JCA e a MPS têm um efeito imunomodulador sobre a produção IgY, IgM, ou IgA anti-SRBC. Um efeito imunoestimulador da JCA foi observado sobre a produção de anticorpos IgY na resposta imune primária, enquanto um efeito imuno inibitório da JCA e da MPS sobre a produção de IgM e IgA anti-SRBC na resposta imune secundária. Estes resultados sugerem que o MPS e JCA tem efeito modulador sobre a produção de anticorpos e podem ser utilizados em estudos futuros sobre a imunidade humoral em aves comerciais.

Therapeutic Communities In Latin America: An International Descriptive Study In Different Countries Across Latin America / Comunidades terapéuticas en Latinoamérica: un estudio descriptivo en varios países de Latinoamérica

ABSTRACT Objective: In Latin America is not known for certain the quantity or quality of therapeutic communities (TCs) available in the region. The objective of this study is to describe and quantify the quantity and quality of the existing TCs in 5 different countries. Design: A multicenter quantitative description of the TCs was conducted in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Methods: A survey was realized through the TCs regulatory entities of each country that accepted to participate in the study. Results: Of the 285 TCs identified in the 5 countries, 176 (62%) accepted to participate in this study. The TCs quality vas evaluated according to the scoring system stablished by De Leon, finding that 70% of the facilities have scores of 11/12 or 12/12 using these criteria. We also found that the majority of the De Leon criteria are known by more than 90% of the institutions, however, the dimensions of "separation of the community" and "encounter groups between residents" were the least known with 63 and 85% respectively. The main reasons for abandonment of TCs were "not accepting the rules of the institution", "lack of money" and "not feeling comfortable with the facilities". 98% of the TCs provided services to other substance abuse problems, 94% for alcohol and 40% for other types of substances. Conclusions: The majority of the TCs identified in our sample meet the quality criteria stablished by De Leon, mostly providing services for substance abuse. However, they should put in place additional policies to improve the unfulfilled conditions and investigate the reasons for the dissatisfaction and abandonment of these institutions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: En Latinoamérica no se conoce a ciencia cierta la cantidad o la calidad de las comunidades terapéuticas disponibles en los distintos países de la región. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar y describir la cantidad y la calidad de las comunidades terapéuticas existentes en 5 países de la región. Diseño: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico descriptivo cuantitativo de las comunidades terapéuticas en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, México y Perú. Métodos: Mediante las entidades reguladoras de las comunidades terapéuticas de cada país, se realizó una encuesta a las que aceptaran participar en el estudio. Resultados: De las 285 comunidades terapéuticas identificadas en los 5 países, 176 (62%) aceptaron participar en el estudio. La calidad de las comunidades terapéuticas se evaluó por las puntuaciones establecidas con los criterios de De León; se encontró que el 70% de las instituciones tienen puntuaciones de 11/12 o 12/12 según estos criterios. También se encontró que cumplen la mayoría de los criterios de De León más del 90% de las instituciones; sin embargo, las dimensiones «separación de la comunidad¼ y «grupos de encuentro entre residentes¼ fueron los menos cumplidos (el 63 y el 85% de las comunidades respectivamente). Las principales razones de abandono de las comunidades terapéuticas fueron no aceptar las normas de la institución, falta de recursos económicos y no sentirse a gusto con ella. El 98% de las comunidades terapéuticas prestaban servicios para problemas de abuso de otras sustancias, el 94% para abuso de alcohol y el 40% para otros tipos de abusos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las comunidades terapéuticas identificadas en nuestra muestra cumplen los criterios de calidad establecidos por De León, y en su gran mayoría prestan servicios para abuso de sustancias, pero deben instaurarse políticas para mejorar las condiciones no cumplidas e indagar los motivos de las disconformidades y el abandono de estas instituciones.

Estrategias para el empoderamiento digital y la integración de universidades con sectores clave para la sociedad colombiana *

Introducción. En la Universidad de La Guajira (UNIGUAJIRA) se reporta que la comunidad universitaria poco utiliza software de tutorías y videoconferencias, argumentando que esta institución no posee la infraestructura adecuada para el uso de dichas tecnologías, lo cual limita no solo un aprendizaje permanente y reflexivo sino también la capacidad de producir recursos informáticos utilizando material multimedia y entornos virtuales. Objetivo. En esta investigación se propone un conjunto de estrategias de empoderamiento digital necesarias para la formación universitaria de este siglo XXI, tendentes a fortalecer la integración de la universidad con los sectores clave de la sociedad colombiana. Materiales y métodos. Bajo una metodología de investigación-acción se llevó a cabo un análisis-diagnóstico sobre la accesibilidad, integración, equidad y gestión de empleo como dimensiones del empoderamiento digital. Se recolectó información sobre las mismas a través de un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 125 docentes de la Universidad de La Guajira. Resultados. Los docentes reportaron un nivel muy bajo en lo que respecta a la implementación de las dimensiones mencionadas. En consecuencia, se desarrolla una propuesta de estrategias de empoderamiento digital para tratar de solucionar el problema. Conclusiones. Se concluye que dicha propuesta es consistente, dado que conjuga los contenidos programáticos con aspectos tecnológicos que son primordiales para la transformación socioeconómica del país dentro de un mundo globalizado.

Introduction. The University of La Guajira (UNIGUAJIRA) reports that the university community rarely uses tutoring and video conferencing software, arguing that this institution does not have adequate infrastructure for the use of such technologies, which limits not only lifelong learning And reflective but also the ability to produce computer resources using multimedia material and virtual environments. Objective. This research proposes a set of digital empowerment strategies necessary for university education in this 21st century, aimed at strengthening the integration of the university with key sectors of Colombian society. Materials and methods. Under a research-action methodology, a diagnostic analysis was carried out on accessibility, integration, equity and employment management as dimensions of digital empowerment. Information was collected on the same through a questionnaire applied to a sample of 125 teachers of the University of La Guajira. Results. Teachers reported a very low level in regard to the implementation of the mentioned dimensions. Consequently, a proposal for digital empowerment strategies is developed to try to solve the problem. Conclusions: It is concluded that this proposal is consistent since it combines the programmatic contents with technological aspects that are primordial for the socioeconomic transformation of the country within a globalized world.

Introdução. Na Universidade de La Guajira (UNIGUAJIRA) informou que a comunidades universitárias raramente usadas tutoriais de software e conferências de vídeo, argumentando que esta instituição não tem infraestrutura adequada para o uso dessas tecnologias, o que limita não apenas a aprendizagem ao longo da vida e pensativo, mas também a capacidade de produzir recursos de computação utilizando multimídia e ambientes virtuais. Objetivo. Nesta pesquisa um conjunto de estratégias de empoderamento digitais necessárias para a formação universitária deste século, destinadas a reforçar a integração da universidade com os sectores-chave da sociedade colombiana é proposto. Materiais e Métodos. Sob a metodologia de pesquisa-ação foi realizada uma análise-diagnóstico de acessibilidade, integração, equidade de emprego e gestão como dimensões de capacitação digital. Informações sobre eles são recolhidos através de um questionário aplicado a uma amostra de 125 professores da Universidade de La Guajira. Resultados. Os professores relataram um nível muito baixo no que respeita à aplicação das dimensões acima mencionadas. Consequentemente, uma proposta de estratégias de empoderamento digitais para tentar resolver o problema se desenvolve. Conclusões. Conclui-se que a proposta é coerente desde o conteúdo do programa combina com aspectos tecnológicos, que são essenciais para a transformação socioeconómico do país em um mundo globalizado.

Desenvolvimento de pó efervescente probiótico e simbiótico / Development of effervescent probiotic and symbiotic powder

Lactobacillus plantarum e Lactobacillus rhamnosus são micro-organismos probióticos eficazes na diminuição de risco de doenças coronarianas, redução do transpasse de enterobactérias fecais e redução dos sintomas da síndrome do intestino irritado, porém o comportamento desses micro-organismos em determinadas condições ainda necessita ser elucidado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um pó efervescente probiótico e simbiótico contendo Lactobacillus plantarum e Lactobacillus rhamnosus e testar o efeito da adição de inulina na formulação em função da viabilidade dos micro-organismos no produto nos tempos 0, 15, 30 e 45 dias de armazenamento e após digestão in vitro. Os caldos lactose, MRS e sacarose foram avaliados para a obtenção do Lactobacillus plantarum e Lactobacillus rhamnosus em pó nas temperaturas de desidratação em estufa: 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C, e a combinação caldo/temperatura de desidratação de maior viabilidade dos micro-organismos foi sacarose/40 °C. Foram testadas duas formulações: (F1) base efervescente, saborizante de laranja e lactose contendo Lactobacillus plantarum e Lactobacillus rhamnosus; (F2) formulação F1 adicionada de 1g de inulina. Na avaliação da estabilidade ao armazenamento até 45 dias, os micro-organismos se apresentaram viáveis em F1 (pH 5,65, umidade 1,8% e atividade de água 0,467) e F2 (pH 5,81, umidade 2,8% e atividade de água 0,402), acima do requerido para ter efeito probiótico (108 a 109 UFC). No teste de digestão in vitro, em contato com fluido gástrico simulado (FGS), a viabilidade do Lactobacillus plantarum e Lactobacillus rhamnosus decresceu, havendo recuperação parcial em contato com fluido intestinal simulado (FIS). Para as duas formulações, em ambos fluidos, a contagem dos Lactobacillus esteve no nível preconizado para apresentar efeito probiótico. A presença de inulina na formulação apresentou efeito significativo na manutenção da viabilidade celular.

Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus are probiotic microorganisms efficient in reducing risk of coronary heart disease, reducing the overlapping of fecal enterobacteria, and reducing the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, but the behavior of the microorganism under certain conditions need to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to develop an effervescent probiotic and symbiotic powder containing Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and study the effect of inulin addition by evaluating of microorganisms viability in the product at 0, 15, 30 and 45 days and after digestion in vitro. The broths lactose, MRS and sucrose were evaluated for obtaining Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus powder at dehydration temperatures of 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, and 55 °C. The combination broth/dehydration temperature that resulted in higher viability of the microorganisms was sucrose/40 °C. Two formulations were tested: (F1) effervescent base, orange flavor and lactose containing Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus; (F2) formulation F1 with 1g of inulin. Regarding the storage stability of the microorganisms, they were viable in F1 (pH 5.65, moisture 1.8% and water activity 0.467) and F2 (pH 5.81, moisture 2.8% and water activity 0.402), above the levels required to have probiotic effect (108 to 109 UFC). In in vitro digestion, the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus decreased in contact with simulated gastric fluid (SGF), with partial recovery in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). For both formulations, at both simulated fluids the enumeration of Lactobacillus was within the limits recommended for presenting probiotic effects. The inulin significantly affected the cell viability.

Immunoexpression of p53 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Dysplastic Lesions in Patients with the Habit of Reverse Smoke / Inmunoexpresión de p53 en Carcinoma Bucal Escamo Celular y Displasias Orales en pacientes con el Hábito de Fumar Invertido

Molecular biological markers have been suggested to be of value in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of precancerous lesions. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the expression of p53 protein in normal oral mucosa, oral dysplastic lesions (DL), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), comparing patients with the habit of reverse smoking and conventional smokers. The patients were subjected to incisional biopsy and the soft tissue specimens were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and processed in the laboratory. Immunohistochemical technique was performed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase protocol. The 102 patients included 42 reverse smokers and 60 conventional smokers. There were 79 cases of mild, 15 of moderate, and 3 of severe epithelial dysplasia. Five microinvasive oral SCC included one male and four females. The clinical characteristics of microinvasive tumors included patches, plaques or erosions; 100% showed positive nuclear staining for p53. It was found a significant association of p53 expression and exposure of reverse smoking among microinvasive oral SCC and oral DL patients in the population studied.

Marcadores biológicos moleculares se han sugerido para ser de valor en el diagnóstico y evaluación pronóstica de lesiones precancerosas. El propósito del presente estudio fue investigar la expresión de la proteína p53 en mucosa oral normal, lesiones displásicas orales (LD), y en el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCC), comparando pacientes con el hábito de fumar convencional y fumar invertido. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a biopsia por incisión y los especímenes de tejidos blandos fueron fijados en formalina al 10% y se procesaron en el laboratorio. La técnica inmunohistoquímica se realizó utilizando el protocolo de avidina-biotina-peroxidasa. De los 102 pacientes incluidos, 42 fueron fumadores invertidos y 60 fumadores convencionales. Hubo 79 casos de displasia epitelial leve, 15 moderada, y 3 severa. Cinco casos de COCC microinvasivo incluyeron un hombre y cuatro mujeres. Las características clínicas de los tumores microinvasores incluyen parches, placas o erosiones; el 100% mostró tinción nuclear positiva para p53. Se encontró una asociación significativa de la expresión de p53 y la exposición de los fumadores invertidos entre pacientes con COCC microinvasivo y DL en la población estudiada.

Embryonic development of aplodinotus grunniens (perciforme: sciaenidae) in Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico / Desarrollo embrionario de Aplodinotus grunniens (perciforme: sciaenidae) en Tenosique, Tabasco, México

The description of the embryonic and larval development was based on 30 eggs and 30 larvae. Breeders were collected on the Usumacinta River, Tabasco, Mexico and were subjected to manual fertilization in May 2011. Fertilized eggs were spherical, pelagic, translucent and non-adhesive and had an average diameter of 1.07 mm (SD = 0.10), showing a concentric lipid droplet of 0.85 mm (SD = 0.02). The embryo occupied 100 percent of the perivitelline space at hour 14:08 post-fertilization and the egg measured 1.18 mm (SD = 0.14) at this stage. Eclosion started 17 hours post-fertilization when larvae had a length of 2.54 mm (SD = 0.66). Eight preanal and 13 postanal myomeres were observed exhibiting a light brown color. The morphologic characters recorded in this study are similar to the anatomy of embryos and larvae of the Sciaenidae family. The diameter of the eggs and the length of the larvae for A. grunniens are slightly larger than other Sciaenidae species: A. regius, C. striatus, B. chrysora, C. regalis, L. xanthurus, P. cromis, G. lineatus and S. ocellatus. This is the first study of its kind and its results contribute to the knowledge of the species reproductive biology.

La descripción del desarrollo embrionario y larval se basó en 30 huevos y larvas 30. Los reproductores se recolectaron en el río Usumacinta, Tabasco, México, y se sometieron a la fertilización manual en mayo de 2011. Los huevos fertilizados fueron esféricos, pelágicos, translúcido y no adhesivos presentaron un diámetro promedio de 1.07mm (SD = 0,10), mostrando una gota lipidica concéntrica de 0,85 mm (SD = 0,02). El embrión ocupo el 100 por ciento del espacio perivitelino a las 14:08 horas después de la fertilización y el huevo midió 1,18 mm (SD = 0,14) en esta etapa. La eclosión comenzó a las 17 horas después de la postfertilización, las larvas presentaron una longitud promedio de 2,54 mm (SD = 0,66). Se observaron ocho miómeros preanal y 13 postanal exhibieron una coloración marrón. Los caracteres morfológicos registrados en este estudio son similares a la anatomía de los embriones y larvas de la familia Sciaenidae. El diámetro de los huevos y la longitud de las larvas de A. grunniens son ligeramente más grandes que otras especies de Sciaenidae: A. regius, C. striatus, B. chrysora, C. regalis, L. xanthurus, P. cromis, G. lineatus y S. ocellatus. Este es el primer estudio de su tipo y sus resultados contribuyen al conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de la especie.

Revisión sistemática de los efectos del hábito de fumar invertido sobre la mucosa oral / Systematic revision of the effects of the reversed smoking habit on the oral mucosa

Fundamento: se ha postulado que el hábito de fumar invertido intensifica la severidad de las enfermedades de la mucosa bucal y expone a las personas a riesgos severos en la salud oral. Objetivo: revisar la literatura científica acerca de las enfermedades de la mucosa oral asociadas con el hábito de fumar invertido. Método: se realizó una revisión sistemática de investigaciones observacionales y experimentales publicadas en las bases de datos Medline-Pubmed y SCIELO desde 1960 hasta 2012. Se utilizaron términos en diferentes combinaciones: nicotinic stomatitis, reverse smoking, reverse smokers, oral cancer, oral premalignant lesions y tobacco. Se excluyeron las series de casos, resultados duplicados debido a las combinaciones de los términos de búsqueda, datos no disponibles, cartas al editor y revisiones históricas. Desarrollo: se detectó en todos los estudios revisados que el hábito de fumar invertido es más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres. Doce investigaciones mostraron asociación entre el hábito de fumar invertido y carcinoma del paladar duro o tumores microinvasivos. Se observó que los fumadores invertidos tienen muchas más probabilidades de presentar parches y áreas rojas en el paladar, además de leucoplasias y carcinomas. El riesgo estimado de presentar carcinoma del paladar duro fue 132 veces mayor en mujeres con el hábito de fumar invertido. Las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad fueron casi dos veces más altas para los fumadores invertidos en comparación con aquellas personas que no fumaban. Conclusiones: el hábito de fumar invertido está asociado con el cáncer oral y con otras enfermedades avanzadas de la mucosa bucal. Se deben realizar estudios de intervención para tratar de persuadir a las poblaciones acerca del abandono de los hábitos de tabaquismo.

Background: It is been said that the reversed smoking habit intensifies the seriousness of the diseases of the buccal mucosa and put people at serious risks regarding oral health. Objective: to revise the scientific literature related to the diseases of the oral mucosa associated to reversed smoking habit. Method: a systematic revision of observational and experimental investigations published in the Medline-PubMed and SciELO data bases from 1960 to 2012 was made. Terms were used in different combinations: nicotinic stomatitis, reverse smoking, reverse smokers, oral cancer, oral premalignant lesions y tobacco. Series of cases, duplicated results due to combinations of search terms, non-available data, letters to the editor and historical revisions were excluded. Results: in all the revised studies it was revealed that reversed smoking habit is more frequent in women than in men. Twelve investigations showed association between reversed smoking habit and carcinoma of the hard palate or microinvasive tumors. It was observed that inverted smokers are at more risk of presenting blotches and red areas in the palate, as well as leukoplakias and carcinomas. The estimated risk of presenting carcinoma of the hard palate was 132 times higher in women that have the reverse smoking habit. Mortality rates set by age were almost twice higher for reverse smokers compared to non-smokers. Conclusions: reversed smoking habit is associated to oral cancer and to other advanced diseases of the buccal mucosa. Intervention studies should be conducted in order to try to persuade populations to quit smoking.

Comparative age and growth of common snook Centropomus undecimalis (Pisces: Centropomidae) from coastal and riverine areas in Southern Mexico

Common snook Centropomus unidecimalis is an important commercial and fishery species in Southern Mexico, however the high exploitation rates have resulted in a strong reduction of its abundances. Since, the information about its population structure is scarce, the objective of the present research was to determine and compare the age structure in four important fishery sites. For this, age and growth of common snook were determined from specimens collected monthly, from July 2006 to March 2008, from two coastal (Barra Bosque and Barra San Pedro) and two riverine (San Pedro and Tres Brazos) commercial fishery sites in Tabasco, Mexico. Age was determined using sectioned saggitae otoliths and data analyzed by von Bertalanffy and Levenberg-Marquardt among others. Estimated ages ranged from 2 to 17 years. Monthly patterns of marginal increment formation and the percentage of otoliths with opaque rings on the outer edge demonstrated that a single annulus was formed each year. The von Bertalanffy parameters were calculated for males and females using linear adjustment and the non-linear method of Levenberg-Marquardt. The von Bertalanffy growth equations were FLt=109.21(1-e-0.21(t+0.57)) for Barra Bosque, FLt=94.56(1-e-0.27(t+0.48)) for Barra San Pedro, FLt=97.15(1-e-0.17(t+1.32)) for San Pedro and FLt=83.77(1-e-0.26(t+0.49)) for Tres Brazos. According to (Hotelling’s T², p<0.05) test growth was significantly greater for females than for males. Based on the Chen test, von Bertalanffy growth curves were different among the study sites (RSS, p<0.05). Based on the observed differences in growth parameters among sampling sites (coastal and riverine environments) future research need to be conducted on migration and population genetics, in order to delineate the stock structure of this population and support management programs.

El robalo blanco Centropomus undecimalis representa un ingreso monetario significativo y un recurso alimentario para todas las comunidades rurales cercanas a su distribución. Se determinó la edad y crecimiento de esta especie. Los organismos se recolectaron mensualmente en los desembarcos de la pesca artesanal de las cooperativas de mayor contribución en la zona costera (Barra Bosque y San Pedro) y ribereña (San Pedro y Tres Brazos) entre julio 2006 y marzo 2008. La edad se determinó mediante otolitos seccionados. La edad estimada fue de 2 a 17 años. Mensualmente se estableció la formación anillos opacos y traslúcidos. Para ambas zonas de estudio agrupadas, se validó el retrocálculo por comparación de tres métodos (Fraser-Lee, Dahl-Lea y Whitney-Carlander), se encontraron diferencias significativas (ANCOVA, p<0.05) entre el promedio de la longitud observada y la longitud retrocalculada. Las constantes de la ecuación de von Bertalanffy fueron calculadas para cada sexo y combinados, se empleó el método no lineal de Levenberg-Marquardt’s. La edad estimada para el robalo blanco fue de 2 a 17 años. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el crecimiento entre sexos (T² Hotelling, p<0.05). Los parámetros de crecimiento para ambos sexos fueron, zona costera: Barra Bosque Lf t=109.21(1-e-0.21(t+0.57)), Barra San Pedro Lf t=94.56(1-e-0.27(t+0.48)), y para la zona ribereña: San Pedro Lf t=97.15(1-e-0.17(t+1.32)) y Tres Brazos Lf t=83.77(1- e-0.26(t+0.49)). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las curvas de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy entre las poblaciones comparadas (RSS, p<0.05).

Saccharomyces uvarum mannoproteins stimulate a humoral immune response in mice

Yeasts discarded in industrial processes can be used as a nutritional supplement and to extract cellular components with biotechnological aims. In this study, the humoral immune response of Swiss mice treated with mannoproteins (MP) from the yeast Saccharomyces uvarum was evaluated. The mice were treated with MPs at different doses and times and inoculated with 2% sheep red blood cells. An increase in total Ig in mice treated with 100 μg of MP at the time of immunization or 24 h before was observed in the primary immune response; in the secondary immune response, an increase was observed in total Ig values for all groups, and an increase of IgG was observed in the mice treated with MPs (100 μg) at the time of immunization or 24 h before. These results show that S. uvarum MPs present an immunostimulatory action on the humoral immune response in mice.

Obtainment and characterization of mannoproteins from brewers yeast cell wall - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i1.7124 / Obtenção e caracterização de manoproteínas da parede celular de leveduras de descarte em cervejaria - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i1.7124

The biomass of yeast after beer production is a raw-material for cell components extraction, including mannoproteins. The present study evaluated the using viability of spent brewers yeast Saccharomyces sp. for obtainment of extract containing mannoprotein. The extraction was conducted by Box-Behnken 33 incomplete design, for the variables temperature (75, 85 and 95ºC), time of extraction (5, 7 and 9h) and concentration of cell wall in suspension (10, 15 and 20%). The residual ethanol of fermentation doesnt have interference in the obtaining of extract containing mannoproteins. The highest rate of extraction was 4.08%, obtained at 95ºC, with 10% cell wall by 7h and with 15% of cell wall during 9h. The experimental validation for obtaining of the maximum predicted resulted in 4.50% of extract, confirming the model predictable capacity. The extract containing mannoprotein obtained from 10% of cell wall (95ºC, 9h) had 51.39% of proteins, with 58 and 64 kDa, and 25.89% of carbohydrates, distributed in mannose and glucose. The emulsification activity was 62.50 ± 0.88% and the emulsion stability was 96.00 ± 1.4%. These results evidence the bioemulsifier potential of the extract and the viability of using spent yeast from brewery for obtainment of compounds with industrial interesting properties.

A biomass de levedura resultante da produção de cerveja é mátéria-prima para extração de componentes celulares, incluíndo manoproteínas. O presente trabalho avaliou a possibilidade da utilização da levedura Saccharomyces sp. descartada em cervejaria, para obtenção de extrato com manoproteínas. A extração foi conduzida segundo delineamento fatorial incompleto, Box-Behnken 33, para as variáveis temperaturas (75, 85 e 95ºC), tempo de extração (5, 7 e 9h) e concentração da suspensão de parede celular (10, 15 e 20%). O etanol residual da fermentação não interfere na obtenção do extrato contendo manoproteínas. O maior índice de extração foi 4,08%, observado para temperatura de 95ºC na concentração de 10% por 7h e 15% por 9h. A validação experimental do maior índice predito resultou em 4,50% de extrato, confirmando a capacidade preditiva do modelo. A manoproteína obtida, a partir de 10% de parede celular (95ºC, 9h), apresentou 51,39% de proteínas, com 58 e 64 kDa, e 25,89% de carboidratos, distribuídos entre manose e glicose. A atividade emulsificante foi de 62,50 ± 0,88% e a estabilidade da emulsão foi de 96,00 ± 1,40%. Estes resultados evidenciam o potencial bioemulsificante do extrato e a viabilidade de utilização da levedura descartada em cervejarias para obtenção de compostos com propriedades industriais interessantes

Obtenção e caracterização de manoproteínas da parede celular de leveduras de descarte em cervejaria / Obtainment and characterization of mannoproteins from brewer's yeast cell wall

A biomassa de levedura resultante da produção de cerveja é mátéria-prima para extração de componentes celulares, incluíndo manoproteínas. O presente trabalho avaliou a possibilidade da utilização da levedura Saccharomyces sp. descartada em cervejaria, para obtenção de extrato com manoproteínas. A extração foi conduzida segundo delineamento fatorial incompleto, Box-Behnken 33, para as variáveis temperaturas (75, 85 e 95ºC), tempo de extração (5, 7 e 9h) e concentração da suspensão de parede celular (10, 15 e 20%). O etanol residual da fermentação não interfere na obtenção do extrato contendo manoproteínas. O maior índice de extração foi 4,08%, observado para temperatura de 95ºC na concentração de 10% por 7h e 15% por 9h. A validação experimental do maior índice predito resultou em 4,50% de extrato, confirmando a capacidade preditiva do modelo. A manoproteína obtida, a partir de 10% de parede celular (95ºC, 9h), apresentou 51,39% de proteínas, com 58 e 64 kDa, e 25,89% de carboidratos, distribuídos entre manose e glicose. A atividade emulsificante foi de 62,50 ± 0,88% e a estabilidade da emulsão foi de 96,00 ± 1,40%. Estes resultados evidenciam o potencial bioemulsificante do extrato e a viabilidade de utilização da levedura descartada em cervejarias para obtenção de compostos com propriedades industriais interessantes.

The biomass of yeast after beer production is a raw-material for cell components extraction, including mannoproteins. The present study evaluated the using viability of spent brewer's yeast Saccharomyces sp. for obtainment of extract containing mannoprotein. The extraction was conducted by Box-Behnken 33 incomplete design, for the variables temperature (75, 85 and 95ºC), time of extraction (5, 7 and 9h) and concentration of cell wall in suspension (10, 15 and 20%). The residual ethanol of fermentation doesn't have interference in the obtaining of extract containing mannoproteins. The highest rate of extraction was 4.08%, obtained at 95ºC, with 10% cell wall by 7h and with 15% of cell wall during 9h. The experimental validation for obtaining of the maximum predicted resulted in 4.50% of extract, confirming the model predictable capacity. The extract containing mannoprotein obtained from 10% of cell wall (95ºC, 9h) had 51.39% of proteins, with 58 and 64 kDa, and 25.89% of carbohydrates, distributed in mannose and glucose. The emulsification activity was 62.50 ± 0.88% and the emulsion stability was 96.00 ± 1.4%. These results evidence the bioemulsifier potential of the extract and the viability of using spent yeast from brewery for obtainment of compounds with industrial interesting properties.

Características clínicas e histopatológicas del carcinoma escamocelular bucal en el periodo 1990-2004 en Medellín, Colombia / Clinical and histopathological features of oral squamocellular carcinoma during 1990-2004 in Medellin, Colombia

El carcinoma escamocelular bucal es una neoplasia maligna frecuente en la cavidad bucal, sin embargo, no existe información sobre la incidencia y el comportamiento clínico e histológico de este tipo de cáncer en Antioquia, Colombia. Este estudio proveyó información acerca de las características clínicas e histopatológicas del carcinoma escamocelular bucal, proveniente de historias clínicas de 197 pacientes, con un total de 112 hombres (56,9 por ciento) y 85 mujeres (43,1 por ciento), atendidos en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, en Medellín, Colombia, durante un periodo de 14 años. La localización más frecuente del carcinoma escamocelular bucal fue la lengua (45,0 por ciento), seguido del paladar duro (17,1 por ciento), luego le siguió el paladar blando con el 9,0 por ciento y por último el piso de la boca con el 8,5 por ciento. La mayoría de estos carcinomas fueron diagnosticados en estadios tardíos III y IV (74,9 por ciento). En cuanto al grado de diferenciación predominaron los carcinomas bien y moderadamente diferenciados(AU)

The oral scamocellular carcinoma is a frequent malignant neoplasia located in the oral cavity; however, there is not information on the incidence and clinical behavior of this type of cancer in Antioquia, Colombia. Present study provides information on the clinical and histopathological features of the oral scamocellular carcinoma collected from the medical records of 197 persons, 112 men (56.9 percent) and 85 females (43.1 percent) seen in the "San Vicente de Paúl" University Hospital of Medellin for 14 years. The more frequent location of the oral scamocellular carcinoma was the tongue (45.0 percent), followed by the hard palate (17.1 percent), soft palate 9.0 percent and mouth floor (45 percent); most of these ones were diagnosed in late stages (III and IV) (74,9 percent), as regards the differentiation degree there was predominance of well and moderately differentiated carcinomas(AU)

Salud mental y atención primaria: accesibilidad, integralidad y continuidad del cuidado en centros de salud, Argentina / Mental health and primary health care: care accessibility, integrality and continuity in health centers, Argentina

Introducción: La atención primaria representa la forma más integral, positiva y democrática de construir el cuidado de la salud y favorecer la equidad. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la accesibilidad a los servicios de salud mental en grandes centros urbanos de la Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico (Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Paraná y Rosario) en 2010, que articuló abordajes cuanti-cualitativos. Resultados : La expansión de los servicios de salud mental en la atención primaria y su integración en servicios de salud general señalan una dirección ya consistente asumida en las políticas sanitarias. Los procesos de territorialización contribuyen a facilitar la accesibilidad a los cuidados requeridos. El contacto inicial, la continuidad de la atención y la búsqueda de integralidad son componentes que presentan desarrollos desiguales en cada uno de los contextos estudiados. La circulación de los usuarios entre los niveles del sistema de salud es fluida y significativa. CONCLUSIONES: En las ciudades analizadas se ha sostenido en los últimos años un incentivo estratégico para favorecer la accesibilidad de la población a los cuidados de salud mental y se ha impulsado, según cada contexto político-sanitario y bajo diversas modalidades, la expansión de la red de servicios, la ampliación de las prestaciones y la integración de los cuidados específicos a la atención primaria. Sin embargo, siguen existiendo desafíos y deudas. El diagnóstico elaborado contribuye a lograr un conocimiento sistemático, orientado al diseño de acciones particulares en cada una de las jurisdicciones.

Introduction: Primary care represents the most integral, positive and democratic way to build health care and promote equity. Objective : To evaluate the accessibility to mental health services of large urban centersin Argentina. Methods : A multicenter study (Buenos Aires City, Córdoba, Paraná and Rosario) was conducted in 2010. It linked qualitative and quantitative approaches. Results : The expansion of mental health services in primary care and their integration into general health services are consistent with the current health policy. Terri torialization processes contributet o facilitate the access to required care. The initial contact, continuity of care and pursuit of integrity are components that have an unequal development in each of the contexts studied. The circulation of users between the different levels of the health system is smooth and meaningful. Conclusions : During the last years there has been a strategic incentive to promote accessibility of population to mental health care in the studied cities. Depending on the health-political context and under various forms, it included expansion of service networks, extension of benefits and integration of specificcare to primary care. However, there are still challenges and debts. Through this diagnosis the study contributes to achieve a systematic knowledge, which is useful to design specific actions in each of the jurisdictions.

Protective effect of carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) against DNA damage in patients with advanced prostate cancer

Carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) is a soluble derivative from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan. The protective efficiency of CM-G against DNA damage in cells from patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa), and undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), was evaluated. DNA damage scores were obtained by the comet assay, both before and after treatment with CM-G. The reduction in DNA damage, ranging from 18 percent to 87 percent, with an average of 59 percent, was not related to the increased number of leukocytes in peripheral blood. The results demonstrate for the first time the protective effect of CM-G against DNA damage in patients with advanced PCa. Among smokers, three presented the highest reduction in DNA damage after treatment with CM-G. There was no observable relationship between DNA damage scores before and after treatment, and age, alcoholism and radiotherapy.