Effect of vitamin E on the biochemical and haematological changes produced by cadmium toxicity in kidneys of albino rats

Kidneys are the main excretory organ of the body, performing its function through elimination of nephrotoxicants as Cadmium [Cd]. We carried out this study to investigate the effects of vitamin E "alpha tocopherol", as an antioxidant compound, on Cd induced toxicity in the kidneys of albino rats. In experimental albino rats, intraperitoneal administration of Cd [0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg/day] for 12 weeks induced renal damage, which was evident from the increased levels of serum urea and creatinine with significant decrease in total proteins, body weight and hematological parameters. This was associated with a significant rise in Cd concentration both in kidneys and blood. Co-administration of alpha tocopherol as antioxidant resulted in improvement of the kidney functions. The present study suggests that the physiological, biochemical and cytoprotective potential effects of vitamin E in Cd toxicity might be due to its antioxidant properties, which could be useful for achieving optimum effects in treating Cd induced renal damage

Effect of low frequency magnetic field on blood flow in diabetic patients

Diabetes is a major worldwide health problem. The vast majority of morbidity and mortality are associated with the long term vascular complications particularly cardiovascular disease, which is the commonest cause of death in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of low frequency pulsed magnetic field therapy on blood flow [microcirculation] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study performed on twenty subjects [NIDDM]. Their age ranged from 35-55 years of both sex. Each patient suffered from diabetes mellitus for at least two years. All patients underwent detailed clinical examination. All patients under medical control by using optimal dose of oral hypoglycemic agents. Twenty patients were assigned randomly into 2 groups, patients in the magnet on group [n=10] received low frequency pulsed magnetic field in addition to anti diabetic drugs, where as the patients in the magnet off group [n=10] received anti diabetic and vasodilator drugs. The following parameters including [mean blood perfusion, maximum blood perfusion, minimum blood perfusion, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure] were measured before and after 3 months of treatment and all subjects have normal ankle/brachial pressure index [ABPI]. Patients suffered from unstable cardiovascular conditions, smokers were excluded from the study. The results showed significant improvement in all parameters in magnet on group compared with magnet off group. Also the result revealed a statistical significant difference among the changes of both groups. It was concluded that Low Frequency Magnetic Field is effective as a therapeutic method for improvement of microcirculation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pharmacokinetic studies of ranitidine tablets on healthy human subjects using two binders

Ranitidine is an effective H2 receptor antagonist. Ranitidine is a specific, long acting H2 receptor antagonist. It is indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, GERD and Zollinger Ellison syndrome. In this study two formulations of Ranitidine 300 mg tablets were prepared and film coated. Starch and poly vinyl pyrolidone were used as binding agents to check the effect of the binding materials on the pharmacokinetic parameters of Ranitidine tablets. Different in vitro tests were used to evaluate Ranitidine tablets like disintegration test and dissolution test. Then in vivo evaluation was performed on these two formulations. Tablets were administered to eight normal human subjects comprising of two groups, each group consisted of four normal human subjects one by one in a crossover manner after one week washout period. Blood samples were collected and plasma was obtained and analyzed by HPLC. Statistical analysis was performed and the values for Cmax for formulation 1 were found to be 4.63 +/- 0.47 micro g/ml, and for formulation 2 it was 4.76 +/- 1.02 micro g/ml. The value for Tmax for formulation 1 was found to be 2.0 +/- 0.37 hours, and for formulation 2 it was 1.5 +/- 0.46 hours. The value for AUC for formulation 1 was found to be 18.57 +/- 6.122 micro g/hr/ml and for formulation 2 it was 26.43 +/- 22.38 microg/hr/ml. It was also concluded that different binders affect the bioavailability of the tablets and Ranitidine tablets prepared by polyvinyl pyrolidine have better bioavailability than those tablets prepared by starch as binding agent