Isolation and genetic characterization of metallo-p-lactamase and carbapenamase producing strains of Acinetobacter baumannii from patients at Tehran hospitals

Carbapenems are therapeutic choice against infections caused by gram-negative bacilli including strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Resistance to these antibiotics is mediated by efflux pumps, porins, PBPs and B-lactamases. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of existence of MBLs, OXAs and GES-1 betalactamase genes among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter collected from Tehran hospitals. Two hundred and three Acinetobacter isolates were collected from patient at Tehran hospitals. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests. The susceptibility to different antibiotics was evaluated by disk diffusion method and MICs of imipenem were determined using Micro broth dilution method [CLSI]. PCR was performed for detection of bla[VIM-2], bla[SPM-1], bla[IMP-2], bla[GES-2], bla[OXA-51, bla[OXA-23] betalactamase genes. Clonal relatedness was estimated by PFGE with the restriction enzyme Smal. Of 100 isolates of imipenem resistant Acinetobacter spp. collected from Tehran hospitals in 2009 and 2010,6 isolates produced metallo-beta-lactamases and 94 isolates produced OXA- type carbapenemase. The bla[spm-1], bla[GES-1], bla[OXA-51, bla[OXA-23] genes were detected by PCR among 6, 2, 94 and 84 isolates of A. baumannii, respectively. The MICs of isolates to imipenem were 8-128 microg/mL. PFGE analysis of 29 bla[OXA-51] and BLA[OXA-23]-positive A baumannii isolates gave 6 different patterns. This is the first report of SPM-1 and GES-1 beta-lactamase producing A. baumannii. Production of the OXA-23, OXA-51, GES-1 and SPM-1 enzyme presents an emerging threat of carbapenem resistance among A. baumannii in Iran

Petroleum biodegradation by two mycobacterium isolates from persian Gulf

A vast amount of oily wastes is produced during activities related to exploration, production, refinement and transportation of oil and gas products, which cause serious damages especially to marine and estuarine environments. Persian Gulf region which contains about 57-66% of world oil reservoirs is exposed to enormous oil pollutions. Although the physical and chemical approaches for removing these pollutions are effective, but still unable to completely remediate the environment. Recently bioremediation is known as an applicable and cost effective technique for treatment of oil polluted environments. Success of oil spill bioremediation depends on our ability to optimize various physical, chemical, and biological conditions in the contaminated environment, including nitrogen and phosphorus sources, pH and temperature. The most important requirement is the presence of micro organisms with the appropriate metabolic capabilities. If these microorganisms are present, then optimal rates of growth and hydrocarbon biodegradation can be sustained by ensuring that adequate concentrations of nutrients and oxygen are present and that the pH and temperature is suitable for bacterial growth. Isolation of two petroleum biodegrading bacterial strains PG01 and PG02 from Persian Gulf and study of pH effect on oil mineralization have been previously reported. In this paper, the effect of temperature and nitrogen and phosphorus concentration on oil degradation by these bacteria was studied. Furthermore, the ability of the strains to degrade crude oil fraction was gravimetrically evaluated. All experiments were statistically repeated. Finally, the two strains were subjected to identification of using morphological and biochemical methods and determination of guano sine plus cytosine content of the DNA. The growth curves of strains PG01 and PG02 on crude oil as sole carbon source using different concentration of ammonium chloride as nitrogen source have been shown in Figure 1. In all experiments, both strain entered to exponential phase at second day of cultivation, but the amount of produced total protein and consequently the rate of degradation of oil varied in different concentrations of nitrogen source. Strain PG01 had similar growth curves in the presence of 0.146, 0.195 and 0.244 gram ammonium chloride per gram crude oil, but in the other amounts of nitrogen source degradation of oil was decreased [p<0.05]. Therefore the minimum amount of nitrogen source per gram oil for this strain was 0.146 gram. For strain PG02 maximum growth was observed in the presence of 0.195 gram ammonium chloride per gram crude oil [p<0.05]. The optimum concentration of phosphorus source for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons for both strains was equal to 0.024 gram disodium hydrogen phosphate per gram crude oil [fig. 2]. Results of biodegradation experiments for evaluating the effect of incubation temperature on crude oil degradation by strains PG01 and PG02 showed that both strains were mesophile capable to grow at 25-37 with best results at 35-37 degree centigrade. No growth was observed at 41 degree centigrade [fig. 3]. In order to assay the biodegradation of different fractions of crude oil by strains PG01, PG02 and the mixture of them, gravimetric determination of crude oil fractions was performed. Crude oil was supplied by National Iranian Oil Company and was composed of 70.90% saturated hydrocarbons, 22.31% aromatic hydrocarbons, 3.99% resins and 2.80% asphaltenes. After a 5 day biodegradation period these fractions were reduced to 12.56%, 10.71%, 3.03% and 2.89% for strain PG01, 4.70%, 6.32%, 2.09% and 2.95% for strain PG02, and 2.32%, 4.97%, 1.32% and 2.97%, respectively. Overall ability of Strains PG01 and PG02 and the mixture of two strains to degrade crude oil was 70.81%, 83.94% and 87.61%, respectively. Identification of strains was performed using morphological, physiological and biochemical methods. For determination of guanosine plus cytosine content of bacterial DNA, the HPLC method was used. DNA was extracted and purified by cold isopropanol precipitation. Purified DNA and salmon DNA [standard DNA] were hydrolyzed by nuclease PI enzyme. The hydrolysates and a mixture of deoxy-nucleotide mono phosphate [dCMP, dTMP, dGMP and dAMP] were injected to high performance liquid chromatography. The HPLC conditions were as follow: Column: C18, MCH10 Mobile phase: 10 mM phosphate buffer [pH 7] Flow rate: 0.5 ml/min Detector: UV 260 nm. The GC% of bacterial DNA was calculated using the resulted peak area of each base, which was 69.685 for strain PG01 and 67.817 for strain PG02. Regarding results from morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of strains PG01 and PG02, it seems that both strains are members of the genus Mycobacterium. These characteristics are: curved rod cell shape; weakly gram positive; Acid fast in fresh culture; 2-3 day's growth duration; resistant to lysis by lysozyme; non-motile; aerobic and catalase positive; G+C content of DNA; round smooth colonies with orange and reddish color, respectively for PG01 and PG02; and resistant to penicillin. In specious level also both strains have similarities to M. obuense, including growth in 5% NaCl concentration, degradation of polycyclic aromatic substrates, formation of colored colonies, unable to grow at 42 degree centigrade, nitrate reduction negative, and did not produce acid from arabinose and xylose