Comparison of night time sleep quality in type 2 diabetics, impaired glucose tolerance cases and non-diabetics

Since sleeplessness and oversleeping are known to have adverse effects on human health, this study designed to compare sleep quality among non diabetic persons, those with impaired fast blood glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance and diabetics. In a cross sectional study, 834 participants including 384 diabetics, 245 subjects with impaired fast blood glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance and 205 healthy persons were studied, and data was collected using standardized questionnaires and laboratory assessments. MANCOVA test was conducted to analyze the data using SPSS version 16. Of the participants, 73% were women. MeanlSDs of age and BMI were 48.4 +/- 8.6 years and 29.2 +/- 4.5, respectively. Mean +/- SD for sleep qualities were 6.513.6 in diabetics and 5.813.3 in the others. Sleep disturbance score was meaningfully related to sex, age, educational levels, depression score, and glycosilated hemoglobin. Sleep disturbances in diabetics, especially women were more prominent than non-diabetics and significantly related to depression scores. Sleep hygiene and mental status, depression in particular, play crucial roles in diabetics and diabetes-prone individuals

[Interventional approaches in order to reduce injuries from car accidents]

Damages and injuries, which are about 12% of all kinds of diseases, are the third important reason of fatality in the age of 1 to 40 that mostly results from traffic accidents. According to World Health Organization data, 25 percent of total mortality belongs to death in roads. This study aims to study and to review all current approaches in order to reduce mortality of road accidents. In this review article, all relevant studies were searched and studied by using Medline and Cochrane library databank in1990-2009 and also some Persian papers with key words such as road injuries, road accident, driving behavior, effective human factors related to road accidents, psychology of accidents, and interventional approaches. The necessary interventions summarized in the four categories: 1] the emphasis on rules implementation and support; 2] providing coordination between drivers, vehicles and executives; 3] strengthening the infrastructure, information and management systems; 4] communication, public participation and education Attempt to organize multi-dimensional approaches depends on effective factors in accidents regarding the cultural, social and psychological states in the region. Effective intervention arises from a conceptual understanding of all factors involved in driving. Complex issues should be taken into consideration comprehensively. So, a detailed theoretical framework should be provided in order to design the necessary interventions. For this reason, the available instructions for the involved actors in controlling traffic accidents require public cooperation and collaboration