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Background:Transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) are one of the major adverse effects of blood transfusion. Serological testing can reduce, but not eliminate the occurrences of TTIs. Study of TTIs amongst blood donors could help to find safe blood for the patients.Aims:This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of markers of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Syphilis and Malaria among Voluntary Blood Donors and Replacement Blood Donors in a tertiary care centre.Materials and Methods: Aretrospective study was conducted at The State of the art Model blood bank, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College (JNMMC) and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. This study included all the blood donors both from in-hospital donations and outdoor camps donations (including Voluntary and Replacement donors) from January 2011 to December 2018. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was done for screening of HBV, HCVand HIV; Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test was done for syphilis and Card Test for Malaria Antigen.Results:Atotal of 1,08,577 donors were screened over a period of eight years. The seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis and malaria was found to be 0.12%, 0.77%, 0.04%, 0.22% and 0.03% respectively. Overall seroprevalence of reactive TTIs was 1.19%, which was maximum in the year 2013 (2.28%) after that there was a gradual decrease in the prevalence rate of TTIs in blood donors over the years. Infections were more common among Replacement Donors as compared to Voluntary Donors. Conclusion: The increase in public awareness regarding Voluntary blood donation, meticulous donor screening, counselling and use of highly sensitive tests can help in reducing the risk of TTIs. Prevalence of HIVinfection is decreasing in the blood donors. The HBVinfection still remains a menace to be tackled. HCV, Syphilis and malaria maintain a low rate of positivity. Methods to ensure a safe blood supply should be encouraged.
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Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiatingtype and grades of tumor and correlation with prospective histopathology results.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 70 patients in 3-tesla MRI preoperatively using conventional and physiological MRsequences (diffusion, perfusion, and spectroscopy) of common brain tumors who were prospectively confirmed by histopathology.Post-imaging analysis was done by available software and ratio was calculated. Data were expressed as mean ± standarddeviation and median (range) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov analysis was used to check distribution. Multiple statistical tests wereapplied and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted wherever feasible.Results: We obtained a significant difference in spectroscopic parameters, relative cerebral blood volume, and apparent diffusioncoefficient values between different tumor groups and also between different tumor grades. ROC curve plotted among groupsshowed sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic capability. Time-intensity curve showed a significant difference between differenttumor groups and correlation with grades of tumor.Conclusion: We propose an algorithm for differentiating different types and grades of common brain tumor using physiologicalMRI in addition to conventional MR sequences.
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Background: Blood safety a major issue in the field of transfusion medicine. Persons who are disqualified or rejected fromdonating blood are known as “deferred” donors. Deferrals lead to loss of precious blood/components available for transfusion.For preventing this, we should be having knowledge of the causes of deferral and their frequency. To make blood transfusionsafe for the patients, many safety measures are undertaken and the most important is a selection of the suitable blood donors.Hence, it is important to analyze the reasons and rate for donor deferral and retain the motivated donors.Aims: This study aims to evaluate and analyze the reasons of predonation deferrals.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, causes of donor deferral were evaluated retrospectively including both inhospital donations (and outdoor camp donations) including voluntary and replacement donors from January 2016 to December2018 in the State of the Art Model blood bank of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial Hospital and Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru MemorialMedical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.Results: Among 53,245 donors registered, 1894 (3.56%) were deferred from blood donation. Temporary deferrals weresignificantly higher than permanent deferral. The most common reasons for temporary deferral were anemia, followed byunderweight, recent medication, high blood pressure (BP), and low BP and so on. The common causes for permanent deferralincluded being overage, diabetes, asthma, heart disease, hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, and epilepsy and so on.Conclusion: Creating public awareness on common causes of donor deferral may help to lower the deferral rates as well aspromote the retention of potential donors.
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Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a useful, safe and cost effective tool that is used in the diagnosis of lesions in various organs. Even though the literature on FNAC of soft tissue masses is relatively scarce, a large amount of interest has developed in this area in the last few years due to the low cost of the procedure, low incidence of complications, feasibility and high therapeutic efficiency. So the present study was undertaken to study the nature of various soft tissue tumors by FNAC and to compare the cytological diagnosis with the results obtained by biopsy. Methods: All cases 713 (Prospective-217 and Retrospective 496) included in present series were taken up for study. Aspiration of soft tissue lesions were performed following the technique of Zajicek et al. Smear was prepared, stained and examined. Histopathological details were available in 140 cases. Data was compiled in MS excel and checked for its completeness, correctness and then it was analyzed. Results: Total number of 11,560 FNAC was done in six and half year’s period from 1st April 2003 to 30th September 2009. Out of the total 713 cases of soft tissue tumors, 71.25% were reported as benign and 28.75% as malignant. Soft tissue tumors were more common in males in comparison to females, with M: F-1.63:1. Accuracy of FNAC for benign and malignant soft tissue tumours was 88.1% and 92.9% respectively. Conclusion: The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in the present study was found 90%. FNAC is a safe and reliable method of recognizing benign and malignant soft tissue tumors and in most instances histological sub typing is possible. Cytological diagnosis must be based on strict cytological criteria and well controlled ancillary techniques.
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Rhinosporidiosis is endemic in the state of Chhattisgarh. 462 cases were encountered during the period of 12 years from January 1994 to December 2005. Maximum incidence was seen in men in the age group of 21-30 years. Nose and nasopharynx were the commonest site (81.1%), followed by ocular tissue (14.2%). Many rare sites of involvement were encountered. Seven cases of generalized rhinosporidiosis were seen. Rhinosporidium seeberi could be easily identified in Haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Sporangias and spores are better delineated by periodic Acid Schiff, Mayer's mucicarmine, Verhoff's vonGieson and Grocott Gomori methamine silver stain.