Precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes patients at a tertiary hospital: a cross-sectional study with a two-time-period comparison

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with type 1 diabetes hospitalized through the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Materials and methods: Individuals with type 1 diabetes hospitalized for DKA from January 2005 to March 2010 (first period [P1], n = 75) and from April 2010 to January 2017 (second period [P2], n = 97) were identified through a query of electronic medical records. Data were collected by reviewing medical records. Only the first hospitalization of each participant in each period was included. Results: In P2, 44 patients (45.4%) were women, mean age was 26.2 ± 14.5 years, and 74 patients (76.3%) had a previous diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Only 1 patient had glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) below 64 mmol/mol (8.0%). Most patients (62.2%) had had a previous episode of DKA. In P1, non-adherence was the main cause of DKA (38.7%), followed by infection (24.0%). In P2, these rates were 34.0% and 24.7%, respectively; no statistical difference was observed between the two study periods (p = 0.790). Conclusion: Over time, non-adherence remained the main precipitating factor of DKA, followed by infection, and no significant difference was observed between the two study periods. Elevated HbA1c, outside the therapeutic range, indicates suboptimal diabetes care and may explain, at least in part, poor adherence as a precipitating factor of decompensation. Health strategies, such as improved self-management of type 1 diabetes, may contribute to a future reduction in DKA episodes.

Diabetes-Specific Questionnaires Validated in Brazilian Portuguese: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Two researchers conducted independent searches on five different electronic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, SciELO, LiLACS and Web of Science. Studies were selected that covered cross-cultural adaptation methodology and validation in Brazil with type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients of any age. After reading the full-text articles, data related to psychometric characteristics were extracted from each study selected. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach's α (Cα). The initial searches identified 2,211 studies. After exclusions, 26 were included, covering a total of 31 questionnaires. Questionnaires were grouped into 11 domains based on their main focus of interest: adherence (n = 8), quality of life (n = 7), diabetes knowledge (n = 3), hypoglycemia (n = 3), self-efficacy (n = 3), satisfaction with pharmaceutical services (n = 1), emotional stress (n = 2), hope (n = 1), attitude towards diabetes (n = 1), perception of disease severity (n=1), and risk of developing diabetes (n = 1). This study identified and reviewed all of the diabetes-specific questionnaires that have been validated for Brazilian Portuguese, which should facilitate selection of the most appropriate instrument for each domain of interest in future research and clinical settings.

Perfil epidemiológico da meningite no estado de santa catarina no período de 2008 a 2018 / Epidemiological profile of meningitis in the state of santa catarina in the period of 2008 to 2018

Meningite é uma doença infectocontagiosa definida pela inflamação das meninges, cujos principais agentes etiológicos são vírus e bactérias. Visto a morbidade e mortalidade significativas das meningites, especialmente bacteriana, informações precisas a respeito de agentes etiológicos e população de risco são importantes para iniciação de medidas de saúde pública e asseguração de gestão apropriada. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi de identificar e descrever o perfil epidemiológico da meningite no estado de Santa Catarina no período de 2008 a 2018, além de verificar a incidência das etiologias bacterianas e virais, verificar elevações nos números de casos de meningite, e avaliar a distribuição entre as macro e microrregiões do estado de Santa Catarina. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, de séries temporais, baseado no banco de dados do SINAN. Os dados coletados foram analisados utilizando estatística descritiva na forma de frequência, médias e porcentagens. A partir dos 8.775 casos de meningite confirmados no período estudado, conclui-se que os casos permaneceram endêmicos, a etiologia viral foi a mais incidente, o sexo masculino o mais acometido, a taxa de letalidade foi de 8,68%, os sorogrupos A e 29E os mais encontrados. O estado teve aumento do número de casos em 2009 e 2017 e a macrorregião mais acometida foi a Nordeste, assim como a microrregião de Itajaí.

Meningitis is an infectious and contagious disease defined by the inflammation of the meninges, which the main etiological agents are virus and bacterias. Considered a significant morbidity and mortality of meningitis, especially bacterial meningitis, valuable information about the etiological agents and risk populations are important for the initiation of public health measures and appropriate management. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and describe the epidemiological profile of meningitis in the state of Santa Catarina in the period of 2008 to 2018, in addition to verify the incident of bacterial and viral etiologies, verify the increase on the number of meningitis cases and evaluate the distribution between the macro and microregions of Santa Catarina State. An retrospective study, with temporal series, based on the database of SINAN was carried out. The collected data was analyzed using a descriptive statistic in the form of frequency, averages and percentages. From 8.755 cases of meningitis confirmed on the studied period, concludes that the cases remained endemic, the viral etiology was the most incident, the male were the most effected, the lethality rate was 8,68%, the sorogroups A and 29E were the most found. The state had outbreaks in the years of 2009 and 2017 and the most effected macroregion was the Northeast just like de microregion of Itajaí.

Hypertension is the main determinant behind the association between metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in subjects with different degrees of glucose tolerance / A hipertensão é o principal determinante da associação entre síndrome metabólica e doença renal crônica em indivíduos com diferentes graus de tolerância à glicose

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health problem. It is still controversial if the metabolicsyndrome (MS) is associated with CKD.Methods: Cross-sectional study of individuals at high risk of developing diabetes at the endocrine outpatient clinic of Hospitalde Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Fasting and 2h-plasma glucose levels, A1c, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, andurinary albumin excretion were measured. MS was defined as the presence of three out of five of the following factors: hypertension,low HDL-cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, elevated plasma glucose, and high waist circumference. Glomerularfiltration rate (GFR) was estimated by the Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation and insulin resistance wasmeasure using the Homeostasis Model of Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Correlation analyses were performedbetween each MS components and the GFR.Results: CKD was present in 20.9% of the subjects. GFR was lower in subjects with MS compared with those without MS(P =0.019). Estimated GFR decreased with the increasing number of MS criteria (mean ± SD; zero or one criterion103.09±9.5 vs. two criteria 99.14±21.2 vs. three criteria 90.9±21.1 vs. four criteria 91.0±19.4 vs. five criteria 80.9±23.5mL/min per 1.73m2; P =0.053). Only systolic arterial blood pressure was related to eGFR (r = 0.280; P =0.003).Discussion: According to our data, the previously described association between MS and decreased renal function wasconfirmed, mostly determined by the hypertension criterion.Conclusion: These data suggest that the relationship between MS and CKD is driven mostly by abnormalities in blood pressurehomeostasis.

Introdução: A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é um problema de saúde pública. Ainda é controversa a existência de associa-ção entre a presença de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e DRC.Métodos: Indivíduos com risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de diabete melito acompanhados no ambulatório deEndocrinologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre foram analisados em um estudo transversal. Pacientes foram submetidosao Teste de Tolerância Oral à Glicose, e hemoglobina glicada (A1c), insulina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, creatinina eexcreção urinária de albumina foram medidos. A presença de SM era baseada na presença de três entre os cinco critérios aseguir: hipertensão, níveis séricos de colesterol HDL diminuídos, níveis aumentados de triglicerídeos, hiperglicemia e circunferênciaabdominal aumentada. A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi calculada pela equação do Modified Diet in RenalDisease (MDRD) e a resistência insulínica, pelo Homeostasis Model of Assessment – Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR).Análises de correlação foram feitas entre cada componente da SM e a TFG.Resultados: DRC esteve presente em 20,9% dos indivíduos. Níveis diminuídos de TFG foram observados em pacientescom SM comparados com aqueles sem SM (P=0,019). TFG diminuiu com o aumento no número de critérios para SM (mé-dia±DP; 0 e 1 critério 103,09±9,5; vs. 2 critérios 99,14±21,2; vs. 3 critérios 90,9±21,1; vs. 4 critérios 91,0±19,4; vs. 5 crité-rios 80,9±23,3 ml/min; P=0,053). Apenas pressão arterial sistólica mostrou-se relacionada com a TFG (r=0,280; P=0,003).Discussão: Nosso trabalho confirmou a associação entre a presença de Síndrome Metabólica e TFG diminuída descritapreviamente por outros estudos, tendo, neste presente estudo, a hipertensão como o principal determinante desta relação.Conclusão: Nossos achados sugerem que a relação existente entre a presença de SM e o desenvolvimento de DRC é determinadaprincipalmente por anormalidades na homeostase pressórica.