Objective Sleep Quality in Subjects with Restless Legs Syndrome versus with Psychophysiological Insomnia: Polysomnography and Cardiopulmonary Coupling Analysis

OBJECTIVES: To compare the sleep quality in the view of polysomnography (PSG) and cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) analysis in subjects with restless legs syndrome (RLS) versus with psychophysiological insomnia (PPI). METHODS: The PSG data of 109 subjects with RLS and 86 with PPI (apnea-hypopnea index <5 /h) were collected. All subjects reported sleep onset and maintenance insomnia. CPC parameters were obtained using CPC analyzer in RemLogic. Sleep spectrogram by CPC analyses categorized sleep as "stable" [high-frequency coupling (HFC), 0.1-0.4 Hz] and "unstable" [low-frequency coupling (LFC), 0.1-0.01 Hz], independent of sleep stages. We compared PSG and CPC parameters between two groups and performed correlation analyses to find the PSG parameters to affect CPC parameters. RESULTS: In PSG parameters, subjects with PPI showed significantly longer sleep latency (14.2+/-20.06 vs. 27.5+/-34.96, p<0.001), and decreased sleep efficiency (SE, 80.5+/-14.96 vs. 76.5+/-14.45, p=0.009) than RLS. CPC parameters were not significantly different between groups. In both groups HFC was positively correlated with total sleep time and SE and was negatively associated with time of wake after sleep onset in both groups. Meanwhile, very LFC showed the opposite results to HFC with the same PSG parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Although subjects with RLS or PPI present sleep onset and maintenance insomnia, objective sleep quality was worse in PPI than RLS. It suggests that CPC as a factor to differentiate sleep quality between the RLS and the PPI has a limited role.

Moyamoya Syndrome Following Tuberculous Meningitis

While it is generally considered that tuberculous meningitis (TBM) causes various vascular complications, there have been few reports of moyamoya syndrome following TBM. A 23-year-old female was diagnosed as TBM. Preliminary brain MRA yielded normal findings. Follow-up MRA and cerebral angiography conducted 1.5 years later yielded findings that were consistent with moyamoya disease. They showed no interval change after 2 years, and the patient had no neurological deficits. This patient with TBM subsequently developed moyamoya syndrome during the course of antituberculosis medication.