[Scrutinizing the status of solid waste collection and exclusion in the military units climbing mount Sabalan [North West of Iran]]

Background: The collection and exclusion of waste has always been a problem for mankind. In natural environments and mountainous plays as for their popularity in mountain climbing, tourist visits and people camping there, it is of much interest to people and therefor the collection and exclusion of rubbish in the mentioned places must be of more concern. As there was little studies conducted in this field, there was a need for practical and scientific studies about rubbish in mountainous locations

Material and Method: there is 485 grams of rubbish percapita including 18.6% food cans, 9.3% recycled food plates, 53.6% cardboards and it's sorts and 2% decaying substances. Also according to the analysis of the questionaire, the average of being a member in "Basij" [Volum teer helping] was 13.47%, having, mountain climbing experperience was 5.87% and age was 33.93%. The carried out survey shows that the speed and status of rubbish contamination in this camp is undesirable

Result: from all of the question were completed, 94% of them emphasize the importance of rubbish exclusion and named training mountain climbers, using small and high energy foods, and necessitating the climbers to collect the rubbish and exclude them in a certain place as the solutions to minimizing rubbish in mountainous places and military aggregations

Conclusion: Also the rate of the people's familiarity with rubbish collection and exclusion methods had direct relation ship with their membership time in Basij, mountain climbing experience and their age

[Scrutinizing the status of solid waste collection and exclusion in the military units climbing mount Sabalan [North West of Iran]]

Background: The collection and exclusion of waste has always been a problem for mankind. In natural environments and mountainous plays as for their popularity in mountain climbing, tourist visits and people camping there, it is of much interest to people and therefor the collection and exclusion of rubbish in the mentioned places must be of more concern. As there was little studies conducted in this field, there was a need for practical and scientific studies about rubbish in mountainous locations

Material and method: there is 485 grams of rubbish percapita including 18.6% food cans, 9.3% recycled food plates, 53.6% cardboards and it's sorts and 2% decaying substances. Also according to the analysis of the questionaire, the average of being a member in "Basij" [Volum teer helping] was 13.47%, having, mountain climbing experperience was 5.87% and age was 33.93%. The carried out survey shows that the speed and status of rubbish contamination in this camp is undesirable

Result: from all of the question were completed, 94% of them emphasize the importance of rubbish exclusion and named training mountain climbers, using small and high energy foods, and necessitating the climbers to collect the rubbish and exclude them in a certain place as the solutions to minimizing rubbish in mountainous places and military aggregations

Conclusion: Also the rate of the people's familiarity with rubbish collection and exclusion methods had direct relation ship with their membership time in Basij, mountain climbing experience and their age

[Osteoporosis; diagnosis and treatment]

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disorder which is increasing all over the world. It is associated with age and sex, therefore the highest prevalence of the disease is seen in post menopausal women. Increase in life expectancy and number of old people will cause significant rise in the prevalence of osteoporosis in future. In our country according to Tehran survey, prevalence of osteoporosis in 60-69 yr. women in spine and hip region is 52.4% and 5.9% and in the same age range in men is 9.4% and 3.1%, respectively. Osteoporosis is thus a problem of the world in second half of the present century specially in Asia, so prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease is imperative for health improvement. One of the most important complications of osteoporosis is fracture of spine and femur neck which increases mortality and morbidity. More than 90% of hip and femur neck fractures occur in 50 yr old or above, and 80% of them are women. Osteoporotic fractures incur high cost for the patient and community. Major risk factors of osteoporosis are: age, low bone density, history of fragility fracture and history of familial osteoporosis. Today the diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on bone density measurement. Osteoporosis is a mulitfactorial disorder and its prevention and treatment are difficult. Most of the treatments available for treatment of osteoporosis recent have antiresorptive effects which reduce bone distruction. Some of these drugs also decrease pathologic fractures. New drugs increasing bone formation are coming up. However in all kinds of treatments existance of sufficient calcium and vitamin D reserve is necessary for efficacy of medications that could be provided by nutrition or supplements

survey on PET recycling problems in Qom City, Iran

Recycling process is developed in communities to decrease the volume of high solid wastes and prevent environmental pollution. Plastic is one of the most recyclable materials in municipal solid wastes [MSW] with a high rate of application during the last decades. PET [poly ethylene therphtalate] is one of the basic plastic compounds which are used in a variety of products such as textile fibers, bottles and other containers. Methods for PET recycling include mechanical and chemical processes and PET incineration. In this study which was conducted on MSW analysis in Qom [a city in the central region of Iran, known for increase of population and high migration, environmental pollutions such as high quantity of MSW, industries and vehicle contamination, noise pollution and municipal sewage], physical analysis of MSW was carried out to four geographical sites and in different seasons of the year 2002. Results showed the rate of PET production to be 0.44% of the total MSW production, depending on site characteristics and area, time and cultural specifications. It is concluded that approximately 700 tons of PET plastics are buried per year

Survey on physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of PAH-contaminated soils in Iran

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] are one of the important groups of organic micro pollutants [Xenobiotics] due to their widespread distribution and low degradability in the environment [atmosphere, water and soil]. Some PAHs exhibit carcinogenic and /or mutagenic properties and are listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] and European Commission [EC] as priority pollutants. In this research three petroleum contaminated sites in Iran were selected in order to separate and classify PAH-degrading microorganisms. Samples were analysed for: soil physico-chemical properties, soil particle size distribution, Ultrasonic extraction of PAH [phenanthrene] and microbial analysis. Ultrasonic extraction method was shown to be a reliable procedure to extract a wide range of PAH concentrations from different soils, e.g. clay, silt, and clay-silt mixtures. Results showed that the extraction rate of phenanthreen in mentioned different soils was in the range of 85 - 100 percent. Results showed that two of three selected sites were contaminated with phenanthrene in the range of 10 - 100 mg/kg of soil, and had a reasonable population of PAH- degrading bacteria, which were enable to adaptate and degradate a concentration range of phenanthrene between 10 and 1000 mg/kg of soil. According to results, it can conclude that, the bioremediation of contaminated soils in Iran may be considered as a feasible practice