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Objectives To explore the relationship between polymorphism in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)gene Xba I and child dental fluorosis.Methods Qiulou township of Kaifeng and Sunying township of Tongxu counties of Henan province were chosen as the investigation spots in 2006.An area of water drinking endemic fluorosis(high fluoride area)and a non-endemic area(control area)were chosen in every spot,where dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 years old were examined and diagnosed by using the Dean method.The children in the high fluoride areas were divided into dental fluorosis group and control group of the endemic areas according to dental fluorosis status,and the children in the control areas as control gruop of non-endemic areas.The Xba I polymorphism in the ERα gene was genotyped using the PCR-RFLP procedure.The fluoride levels in the urine samples from the three groups were detected by fluoride ion selective electrode and over standard rate of the urine was counted.Results The prevalence rate of dental fluorosis in high fluoride areas was 51.7%(74/143)and the community fluorosis index was 1.310.No dental fluorosis case was checked out in the control and the community fluorosis index was 0.021.The over standard rate of urine fluoride in dental fluorosis group[84.6%(121/143)]was significantly higher than that of control in non-endemic area[9.6%(9/94);χ2=125.95,P<0.01].The frequency distribution of ERα Xba I genotype was XX 6.8%(5/74),xx 36.5%(27/74),xx 56.8%(42/74)in dental fluorosis group;XX 15.9%(11/69),Xx 37.7%(26/69),xx 46.4%(32/69)in the eontrol of the endemic areas;XX 14.9%(14/94),Xx 43.6%(41/94),xx 41.5%(39/94)in children from the control in non-endemic area,respectively.No significant difference was found among the three groups(χ2= 3.450, P > 0.05). Allele frequency of ERα Xba I genotypes was X 22.7%(30/132), x 77.3%(102/132) in dental fluorosis group and X 35.5%(39/110),x 64.5% (71/110) in the control in endemic area when urine fluorosis of children was exceeding standard and significant difference was found in this two groups(χ2 = 4.768, P < 0.05; OR = 0.535,95% CI:0.305 - 0.941). Conclusion Children who carried X allele frequency of ERα Xba I genotypes have a lower risk of dental fluorosis when children with high-loaded fluoride status.
RESUMO
Objectives To investigate the relationship between fluorosis polymorphisms in collagen type Ⅰ alpha 2 (COL1A2) and osteocalcin (OC) gene, and serum calciotropic hormone levels. Methods The children between 8 and 12 years of age in Kaifeng and Tongxu cities of Henan Province were chosen to be the object of observation. Accoding to situation of dental fluorosis, they were divided into three groups: dental fluorosis group, non-dental fluorosis group from high fluoride areas, and control group form the control areas. The Pvu Ⅱ and Rsa Ⅰ markers of COL1A2 gene as well as HindⅢ marker of OC gene were genotyped by PCR-RFLP procedure. Calcitonin and osteocalcin levels in serum were measured using radioimmunassays. Results The frequency distribution of COL1A2 PvuⅡ genotype was pp 49.3%(37/75), Pp 32.0%(24/75), PP 18.7%(14/75) in children with fluorosis; pp 43.5% (30/69), Pp 52.2% (36/69), PP 4.3%(3/69) in children without fluorosis from high fluoride areas; and pp 43.8% (42/96), Pp 40.6% (39/96), PP 15.6% (15/96) in the children without fluorosis from control areas respectively. Childrens with the homozygous genotype PP of COL1A2 Pvu Ⅱ had a significantly increased risk of dental fluorosis(OR=4.85, 95%CI: 1.22-19.32) compared to children with the homozygous genotype pp in anendemic fluorosis area. The frequency distribution of COLIA2 Rsa Ⅰ genotype was rr 50.7% (38/75), Rr 36.0% (27/75), RR 13.3%(10/75) in children with fluorosis; rr 46.4%(32/69), Rr 46.4%(32/69), RR 7.2%(5/69) in children without fluorosis from high fluoride areas, and rr 45.8% (44/96), Rr 45.8% (44/96), RR 8.3% (8/96) in the children without fluorosis from control areas respectively. There were no significant differences in the three groups (P>0.05). The frequency distribution of OC Hind Ⅲ genotype was hh 48.0% (36/75), Hh 34.7% (26/75), HH 17.3% (13/75) in children with fluorosis; hh 43.5% (30/69), Hh 43.5% (30/69), HH 13.0% (9/69) in children without fluorosis from high fluoride areas, and hh 47.9%(46/96), Hh 40.6%(39/96), HH 11.5%(11/96) in children without fluorosis from control areas respectively. There were no significant differences in the three groups (P>0.05). Additionally, fluoride levels in urine and OC levels inserum were found to be significantly lower in controls from non-endemic areas compared to cases(P<0.05). However, the differences in urine fluoride and serum OC levels were not observed when cases were compared to controls from high fluoride areas(P>0.05). Conehlsions This study provides the evidence of an association between polymorphisms in the COL1A2 gene with dental fluorosis in populations exposed to high fluoride. There were no correlation between OC Hind Ⅲ genotype and the dental fluorosis.
RESUMO
Objective To investigate the water quality and running status of the dringking water improving project in Xuchang,Pingdingshan and Nanyang,thus to provide basis for scientifically evaluating social effects.Methods Stratified sampling was used in the levels of counties and townships and villages,with the number of checked counties greater than or eaquel to half of the projected counties(13/24),the checked townships more than 40 percent of the projected townships(42/102),the checked villages greater than or eaquel to 30% of the projected villages(56/186).We listened their statement,reviewed the documents,examined carefully the water projects before we made the appraisal.Results More than 95%(129/136)of the projects had water quality reports,among which 90%(122/136)were provided by county level centers for disease prevention and control,75% (102/136) of water samples were collected by centers for disease prevention and control,80%(109/136)ofcounties organized an acceptance check-up group,92%(125/136)projects well preserved water source.Conclusions The dringking water improvement projeets in countryside are basically normal in terms of construction and management,the water supplied is qualified,so the expected goal is achieved.However,duties of each department are not explicit and the communication is inadequate,so collaboration should be reinforced.