RESUMO
Resumen: el acoso escolar es, en esencia, violencia o maltrato deliberado de uno o más estudiantes sobre otro (violencia o maltrato entre pares), que se realiza de forma sistemática y persistente y crea un desequilibrio de poder en el cual se pueden identificar claramente las condiciones de agresor y víctima. Los agresores generalmente buscan el reconocimiento de los demás, ya sea por admiración o por miedo. Las víctimas sufren humillación y daño, y se sienten menospreciadas y vulnerables ante los demás. Los observadores tienen siempre un rol relevante que puede ser activo negativo, proactivo o neutro. El acoso escolar puede presentarse bajo diferentes modalidades, entre las que se destacan la física, verbal, relacional y psicológica. Todas ellas producen efectos negativos de distinta intensidad sobre la víctima. El acoso escolar se presenta en diferentes espacios cuya diferenciación es relevante para comprender sus modalidades y también las responsabilidades para su prevención y control. Tales espacios pueden ser intra-escolares, externos al colegio e inclusive las redes sociales.
Abstract: bullying is, in essence, deliberate violence or mistreatment of one or more students over another student (violence or mistreatment of peers), which is done in a systematic and persistent manner and creates an imbalance of power in which the conditions of aggressor and victim. Aggressors generally seek the recognition of others, either out of admiration or out of fear. The victims suffer humiliation and harm, and feel despised and vulnerable to others. Observers always have a relevant role that can be negative, proactive or neutral. Bullying can be presented in different modalities, among which the physical, verbal, relational and psychological stand out. All of them produce negative effects of different intensity on the victim. Bullying presents itself in different spaces whose differentiation is relevant to understand its modalities and the responsibilities for its prevention and control. Such spaces can be in-school, external to the school and even social networks
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Instituições Acadêmicas , Poder Psicológico , Bullying , Estudantes/psicologia , Violência , Medo , Rede SocialRESUMO
Several studies have demonstrated that viral load is a key factor to determine the development of HBV infection and to assess treatment options for the disease. There is a lack of studies analyzing viral load levels in chronic hepatitis B patients in Argentina and the epidemiologic information is limited. The aim of this study was to determine viral load levels and its distribution in patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B from geographical areas with high prevalence for HBV in Argentina. Fifty-one per cent of the study population had HBV DNA levels > or = 10(4) copies/ml and a median viral load of 11,910 copies/ml. The viral load was significantly higher in HBeAg seropositive patients compared with those seronegative for HBeAg (P < 0.05). Salta and Entre Ríos provinces showed low viral loads, while Chaco, Misiones and Formosa provinces had a median viral load ranging between 10(4) and 10(5) copies/ ml. This is the first study providing detailed information on viral load in chronic hepatitis B patients from Argentina. Availability of viral load levels in chronic hepatitis B enables evaluation of implementation of actions to analyze follow-up and/or treatment options for preventing disease complications, improving health care and diminishing the potential burden on the health care system.