Comparación de frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales en mujeres con distinto nivel educativo / Comparison of traditional cardiovascular risk factors frequency among women of different education levels

INTRODUCTION: Ischemic heart disease is the first cause of death in the world in both genders between 30 and 40 years of age. It has been proposed that socioeconomic status could affect the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), as well as cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. The purpose of this work was to compare the frequency of CVRF in two groups of women with different educational level. RESULTS: A higher frequency of visceral obesity was identified in the women with lower educational level and hypo-HDL-C in the group of women with higher educational level. Correlation between age and modifiable CVRF was different between the studied groups. A larger proportion of women with higher educational level than those with lower educational level drank alcoholic beverages and smoked cigarettes. DISCUSSION: Frequency of identified modifiable CVRF was similar to that found in other Hispanic-American populations. The inverse relationship between CVRF and educational level, a commonly used measure of socioeconomic status, and prevalence of CVRF informed in English and American studies was not observed in this investigation; probably because social and cultural conditions could affect the educational level in a different manner. Health education programs must take into account the cultural processes of each country, city, or community, regardless of the socioeconomic status, based on social and cultural backgrounds of each group.

Parasitological and molecular characterization of a venezuelan isolate of babesia canis / Caracterización parasitológica y molecular de un aislado venezolano de Babesia canis

Babesiosis is one of the most important tick-borne hemoprotozoan diseases that affects dogs worldwide. In the last years, there has been a sharp increase in positive cases of Babesia canis infection in the Falcon State, Venezuela. Although recent studies conducted in South America suggest that B. canis vogeli might be the species present in Venezuela, no data on the pathogenesis and molecular characteristics of Venezuelan piroplasms are available at this moment. By this reason the present work was undertaken to describe the evolution of an experimental infection induced in dogs, as well as the first molecular characterization of the 18S rRNA gene of the Venezuelan B. canis isolate used for inoculating the experimental animals. Experimental infection was carried out in four dogs, two of them splenectomized. The animals were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) B. canis infected-red blood cells. Parasitemia, packed cell volume and body temperature were measured daily. Prepatent period of the infection oscillated between 2-6 days. All of the inoculated dogs developed a mild-type disease. Symptoms of canine piroplasmosis were moderate, and main clinical findings consisted in low parasitemia, short febrile period and slight anaemia. Imidocarb dipropionate showed to be the treatment of choice, since it cleared parasites from blood, as demonstrated by PCR assays. The partial sequence of the ssu rRNA gene of the Venezuelan piroplasm showed 100% identity with a Brazilian isolate of Babesia canis vogeli, which is in full concordance with the clinical signs caused by this subspecies in the experimental animals, as well as those reported previously by other authors.

La babesiosis, causada por un hemoparásito trasmitido a través de las garrapatas, es una de las enfermedades más importantes que afectan a los caninos mundialmente. En los últimos años se ha observado un aumento abrupto de los casos positivos a Babesia canis en el estado Falcón, Venezuela. Aunque los estudios recientes realizados en Suramérica sugieren que Babesia canis vogeli pudiera ser la especie presente en Venezuela, no existen datos disponibles sobre la patogénesis y las características moleculares de los piroplasmas venezolanos. Por esta razón se realizó el presente estudio, a fin de describir la evolución de una infección experimental inducida en caninos, así como realizar la primera caracterización molecular del gen 18S ARNr del aislado venezolano de Babesia canis utilizado para inocular los animales experimentales. La infección experimental se llevó a cabo en cuatro caninos, dos de ellos esplenectomizados. Los animales fueron inoculados 1 x 10(6) eritrocitos infectados con Babesia canis. La parasitemia, el hematocrito y la temperatura corporal fueron evaluados diariamente. El período prepatente de la infección osciló entre 2 y 6 días. Todos los caninos inoculados desarrollaron una enfermedad leve. Los síntomas de la babesiosis fueron moderados y los principales hallazgos consistieron en baja parasitemia, período febril corto y anemia leve. Se demostró, a través de las pruebas de PCR, la efectividad del dipropionato de imidocarb como tratamiento de elección para la eliminación de los parásitos sanguíneos. La secuencia parcial de la ssu rARN del piroplasma venezolano mostró 100% de identidad con un aislado brasileño de Babesia canis vogeli, lo que coincide plenamente con los síntomas causados por esta subespecie en los animales experimentales, así como por lo reportado previamente por otros autores.