Evolución y diferencias regionales de la mortalidad por suicidios en el Perú, 2004-2013 / Evolution and regional differences in mortality due to suicide in Peru, 2004-2013

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar y analizar la evolución de las tasas de mortalidad por suicidios en el Perú entre los años 2004 y 2013. Se analizaron los registros nacionales de defunciones del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, calculando las tasas regionales de mortalidad por suicidios estandarizadas por edad. Asimismo, se proyectaron geoespacialmente las tasas agrupadas por quinquenios. Se identificaron 3162 casos de suicidios (67,2% hombres), el grupo etario con mayor incidencia fue el de 20 a 29 años (28,7%) y el 49,2% ocurrieron por envenenamiento. La tasa de suicidios pasó de 0,46 (IC 95%: 0,38-0,55) a 1,13 (IC 95%: 1,01-1,25) por 100 000 habitantes en el 2004 y 2013, respectivamente. Las mayores tasas se identificaron en Pasco, Junín, Tacna, Moquegua y Huánuco. El problema de los suicidios en Perú requiere de un abordaje integral que implica no solo identificar zonas con mayor riesgo, sino también estudiar sus factores asociados que podrían explicar la variabilidad regional observada.

The aim of this study was to estimate and analyze the evolution of mortality rates due to suicide in Peru between 2004 and 2013. National death records from the Peruvian Ministry of Health were analyzed, calculating the regional mortality rates due to suicide standardized by age. Similarly, rates grouped in 5-year periods were geospatially projected. There were 3,162 cases of suicide (67.2% men); the age range with the highest incidence was 20 to 29 years (28.7%) and 49.2% were due to poisoning. Suicide rates increased from 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.38-0.55) to 1.13 (95% CI = 1.01-1.25) per 100,000 people from 2004 to 2013, respectively. The highest rates of suicide were identified in Pasco, Junín, Tacna, Moquegua, and Huánuco. The suicide issue in Peru requires a comprehensive approach that entails not just identifying the areas with the highest risk, but also studying its associated factors that may explain the regional variability observed.

Systematic review of risk factors for suicide and suicide attempt among psychiatric patients in Latin America and Caribbean / Revisión sistemática de los factores de riesgo de suicidio e intento de suicidio entre los pacientes psiquiátricos de América Latina y el Caribe

OBJECTIVE: To analyze published evidence from the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region pertaining to risk factors for completed suicide and suicide attempts among psychiatric populations. METHODS: Potential studies were identified through systematic electronic searches in MEDLINE and LILACS. Included studies were cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional designed investigations of psychiatric samples in which suicide or a suicide attempt was reported as an outcome and evaluated with some measure of impact (odds ratio, risk ratio, or hazard ratio). Methodological quality was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations. RESULTS: Of the 2 987 identified studies, a total of 17 studies were reviewed to determine potential suicidal risk factors. Eleven studies used a case-control design, five used a cross-sectional design, and only one study used a prospective-cohort design. The main risk factors for suicide attempts in LAC included major depressive disorder (MDD), family dysfunction, and prior suicide attempt, while the main risk factors for completed suicide were male gender and MDD. The methodological quality of most of the studies was low. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides evidence that the majority of relevant risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in the LAC region are similar to those observed in Western societies but different from those reported in Eastern societies. Studies of higher methodological quality from the region are needed to support these results.

OBJETIVO: Analizar los datos probatorios publicados de la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) que fueran pertinentes a los factores de riesgo de suicidio consumado e intentos de suicidio entre las poblaciones psiquiátricas. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron los posibles estudios mediante búsquedas electrónicas sistemáticas en MEDLINE y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios cuyos diseños de investigación fueran de cohortes, de casos y controles, o transversales de muestras psiquiátricas, y en los que el suicidio o un intento de suicidio se notificaran como un resultado, y se evaluaran mediante alguna medida de la repercusión (razón de posibilidades, razón de riesgos o razón de riesgos instantáneos). Se evaluó la calidad metodológica mediante el uso de las recomendaciones de la iniciativa de Fortalecimiento de la Notificación de los Estudios Observacionales en Epidemiología (STROBE, por sus siglas en inglés). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 17 de los 2 987 estudios seleccionados con objeto de determinar los posibles factores de riesgo de suicidio. Once estudios usaron un diseño de casos y controles, cinco usaron un diseño transversal, y un único estudio usó un diseño de cohortes prospectivo. Los principales factores de riesgo de intento de suicidio en ALC fueron el trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM), la disfunción familiar y el intento de suicidio previo, mientras que los principales factores de riesgo de suicidio consumado fueron el sexo masculino y el TDM. La mayor parte de los estudios mostraron una mala calidad metodológica. CONCLUSIONES: Esta revisión aporta datos probatorios de que la mayor parte de los factores de riesgo pertinentes al suicidio y los intentos de suicidio en la región de ALC son similares a los observados en las sociedades occidentales pero diferentes a los notificados en las sociedades orientales. Se necesitan estudios regionales de mayor calidad metodológica para apoyar estos resultados.

Pacientes hospitalizadas por ideación e intento de suicidio en un Hospital de Salud Mental: características clínico-demográficas y seguimiento a seis meses / [Patients hospitalized for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in a Mental Health Hospital: Clinicodemographical features and 6-month follow-up].

BACKGROUND: Suicide is an issue of high public health impact. In Argentina there are few published studies on suicide and suicide attempt. OBJECTIVE: To determine the percentage of hospitalizations caused by suicidal attempt or suicidal ideation in a Mental Health Hospital of the City of Buenos Aires, describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients and to analyze the frequency of adverse events at a 6-month follow-up. METHODS: In the present study, baseline and follow-up data of an analytical, observational, prospective cohort study are used. RESULTS: Baseline data show that of all patients who entered the Emergency Department, 27

did so for ideation or suicide attempt. The most frequent diagnoses were: borderline personality disorder (41

) and schizophrenia (16

). The method most commonly used during the suicide attempt was drug poisoning. In half of the patients, the suicidal process was developed in less than 10 minutes. Monitoring data show that 22

of patients had a new attempted suicide and 34

had a readmission in a 6-month period. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results describe the characteristics of suicide patients admitted to a Mental Health Hospital and show the low efficacy of interventions and the need to devise new strategies for the management of suicidal patients.