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is famous for its important therapeutic effects. Saponins are bioactive compounds found in different parts and developmental stages of plants. Thus, it is urgently to study saponins distribution in different parts and growth ages of plants. In this study, potential biomarkers were found, and their chemical characteristic differences were revealed through metabolomic analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography data indicated the higher content of saponins (, Rg1, Re, Rd, and Rb1) in the underground parts than that in the aerial parts. 20()-Protopanaxadiol saponins were mainly distributed in the aerial parts. Additionally, the total saponin content in the 3-year-old plant (188.0 mg/g) was 1.4-fold higher than that in 2-year-old plant (130.5 mg/g). The transcriptomic analysis indicated the tissue-specific transcription expression of genes, namely, , , , , and , which encoded critical synthases in saponin biosyntheses. These genes showed similar expression patterns among the parts of plants. The expression levels of these genes in the flowers and leaves were 5.2fold higher than that in the roots and fibrils. These results suggested that saponins might be actively synthesized in the aerial parts and transformed to the underground parts. This study provides insights into the chemical and genetic characteristics of to facilitate the synthesis of its secondary metabolites and a scientific basis for appropriate collection and rational use of this plant.
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The cultivation of plants is hindered by replanting problems, which may be caused by plant-driven changes in the soil microbial community. Inoculation with microbial antagonists may efficiently alleviate replanting issues. Through high-throughput sequencing, this study revealed that bacterial diversity decreased, whereas fungal diversity increased, in the rhizosphere soils of adult ginseng plants at the root growth stage under different ages. Few microbial community, such as , Cytophagaceae, , , Sphingomonadaceae, and Zygomycota, were observed; the relative abundance of microorganisms, namely, , Enterobacteriaceae, , Cantharellales, , , and Chytridiomycota, increased in the soils of adult ginseng plants compared with those in the soils of 2-year-old seedlings. 50-1, a microbial antagonist against the pathogenic , was isolated through a dual culture technique. These bacteria acted with a biocontrol efficacy of 67.8%. The ginseng death rate and abundance decreased by 63.3% and 46.1%, respectively, after inoculation with 50-1. Data revealed that microecological degradation could result from ginseng-driven changes in rhizospheric microbial communities; these changes are associated with the different ages and developmental stages of ginseng plants. Biocontrol using microbial antagonists alleviated the replanting problem.
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The problems of non-standard use of pesticides, and excessive pesticide residues and excessive heavy metal, etc. are common in the productive process of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and they are the factors restricting the sustainable development of safflower industry. Pollution-free production is an effective measure to ensure high quality of safflower. This paper summarized the environment of production area, selection of improved varieties for the production in the local places and its characteristics, the standardized comprehensive agronomic management and pollution-free rational fertilization technology. Additionally, the pollution-free control of safflower pests and diseases should follow the principle of priority to prevention and comprehensive prevention. Agricultural, biological and physical control should be preferred to use, and be combined with safe and low toxicity of chemical control. The standardization and industrialization of safflower production were realized by the construction of a comprehensive control technology system of pests and diseases of pollution-free safflower, which promoted the healthy development of the safflower plantation industry and achieved pollution-free standards.
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Panax notoginseng is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb in China. Due to its widespread pharmacology and significant clinical effect, the demand of Panax notoginseng is increasing surprisingly. Saponins are effective components in Radix Notoginseng. It has the effect of stopping bleeding and dispelling blood stasis. The content of saponins is affected by the factors such as location, variety and origin. This paper mainly introduced the notoginsenoside in different parts, the factors (origin and varieties) affecting the contents of notoginsenoside. A standard and pollution-free cultivation system of Panax notoginseng was established to help to cultivate the high-yield, high-quality and pollution-free P.notoginseng, which can provide the basis for choosing reasonable administration parts and provide the references for the development and utilization of Panax notoginseng.
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Research teams work together to solve the technical bottleneck in the Panax notoginseng industry.These research directions mainly focus on breeding of new variety,alleviating the continuous cropping obstacles,building standard system and so on.We used methods such as biotechnology,information technology and so on,to realize digitization,network and intellectualization in the process of selection of producing areas,field management,harvest storage,solved key issues of the precise selection of producing areas,variety breeding,soil improvement,fertilization management,and realized the precision and optimization of ginseng cultivation.We built the composite technology system of pollution-free notoginseng.This technology system mainly contained the breeding of new cultivar,the composite technology of soil improvement,the cultivation system of pollution-free notoginseng and quality traceability system.A new disease-resistant cultivar of notoginseng was bred,which offered feasibility for the notoginseng continuous cropping.We first presented composite improvement technology of notoginseng continuous cropping soil.This improvement technology has been used in the field.This technology system of soil restoration and improvement guaranteed notoginseng continuous cropping.A first standard system of pollution-free notoginseng was issued.It established standard of high-quality notoginseng materials.Finally,quality traceability system of notoginseng was finished,which safeguarded the controllable quality.This composite technology system offers references for the cultivation of other Chinese herbal medicines.
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The occurrence of Panax notoginseng diseases seriously constrains its economic yield,which has becoming one of the main factors that hinders the development of P.notoginseng.For the sustainable development of P.notoginseng industry,this study summarized the pathogens,incidence conditions,transmissions and control methods of main P.notoginseng diseases.This paper elaborated that the prevention of major P.notoginseng diseases should be a comprehensive strategy based on agricultural,chemical and biological control.The disease prevention-control system of focusing on prevention and comprehensive management should be established.The breeding of new varieties should be strengthened to improve the disease resistance and to promote the sustainable development of P.notoginseng industry.
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Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen contains saponins,polysaccharides,flavonoids,alkyne,alcohol and other physiological active substances.Among notoginseng,saponins and decichine are the main effective components.Their pharmacological actions mainly include hemostasis,activating blood,blood tonic,anti-thrombus,protecting myocardium and various pharmacological actions.Notoginseng has been widely used in the treatment of clinical diseases.This paper was aimed to review the application status of notoginseng based on previous studies from both at home and abroad.It summarized main active ingredients of notoginseng saponins and polysaccharides;compared extraction process of notoginseng saponins and polysaccharides,respectively;outlined active ingredients of notoginseng in antiinflammatory,anti-tumor,immune strengthening,activating blood to remove stasis and other aspects of pharmacological effects.Additionally,we provided multiple researches,such as strengthening research of notoginseng polysaccharides,optimizing extraction process of notoginseng active substances,and improving compatibility system of notoginseng saponins and other medicinal components,in order to promote a comprehensive exploitation of notoginseng.